Modifier
Definition: Modify is to change or to alter something. A modifier is a word, phrase, or clause that functions as an adjective or adverb to give extra information about another words or word called the head.
Classification: It can be classified into 2 types.
Pre modifier: Placed before the head is called a pre modifier
Post modifier: Placed after the head is called a post modifier
List of Adverb: always, ever, never, twice, again, somewhere, here, there, everywhere, rather, once, daily, sometimes, often, seldom, now, then, soon, tomorrow, yesterday, today, tonight, again, early, yesterday, just, during, yet, thus, only, also, too, very, very much, adjective + ly etc
Modifier
=to change or to alter something
= word, phrase, or clause
= adjective or adverb
1. Rules of part of speech
(Article+adverb+adjective+noun)
a. Pre modify the noun=Adjective
b. Pre modify the Adjective= Adverb
c. Pre/post modify the verb=adverb
d. Noun- adjective (Noun+Noun)
Noun-adjectives: Sometimes we use a noun to describe another noun. The first word is usually a noun but here functions as an adjective modifying the second word.
For example, government road accident research centre, city government, article writer, bicycle thief, Sunday picnic, pumpkin pie, news reporter, table tennis. athletic trainer, race horse, boat race, love story, war story, tennis ball, computer exhibition, bicycle shop, food adulteration, tea table, grammar book
2. Appositive
=noun or noun phrase
=It is placed after noun or noun phrase
= giving extra information about previous noun or noun phrase
= Appositive can be used as subject or object.
Tamim Islam=noun
Student=noun
A student=noun phrase
A meritorious student=noun phrase
A very meritorious student=noun phrase
Appositive as subject
Bonna, my sister, is 17 years old. My mom, a nurse, drives a red car. Kamal, a painter, painted this picture. Mr. Hasan, the principal at my school, wears a tie every day. My best friend, Rana, is moving in with me. Her first teacher, Minu, was a strict person. My friends, the noisiest gang, knocked at my door. Makamum, my eight month-old daughter, is eating noodles. Jerry, your little cat, is not so little any more. My mom, a nurse at the hospital, has to work late sometimes. My friend, Liza is an excellent dancer. The jeans, my favorite pant, need to be washed.
Appositive as object
I like Monika, the best actress in our school. I really like my grand father’s horse, Chester. The little boy stood up to John, the biggest liar. The girl in the red dress is Sarah, our best actress. Have you read Brothers, a book by Dean Hughes? I know Rana, the electrical contractor. The apartment had bugs, big brown cockroaches. I travelled to Mexico City, the biggest city in the world.
3. Nonfinite verb: to+v1, v1+ing, v3
Infinitive=to+v1
Infinitive phrase= to+v1+ext….
Participle= v1+ing, v3
to go
to go to Satkhira
Present Participle= v1+ing
Past Participle= v3
People (Present Participle=drinking) dirty water suffer a lot.
People (Past Participle=addicted) to alchohol lose everything.
4. Determiner: Determiners are words which come at the beginning of the noun phrase. They tell us whether the noun phrase is specific or general. Articles, demonstrative pronoun, possessive pronoun, quantifier, number, ordinal are included in determiner.
a. Articles= a, an, the
b. Demonstratives=this, that, these, those, such
this, these=near in time and distance
that, those=far in time and distance
c. Possessives=my, your, our, their, his, hers, its, whose, Rana’s, friends’ etc.
d. Quantifiers= much, little, a bit, a great deal of, many, few, a number of, several, all, enough, more, most, less, no, none, some, any, a lot of, lots of, plenty of
e. Numbers=one, two, three, twenty, forty, 1, 2, 3 first, second, third, 1st, 2nd, 3rd, single, double, triple
5. Intensifier
=adverb
= to give force or emphasis
= very, so, enough
I strongly disagree. It’s extremely hot in Africa. Do you really mean it? It’s fairly interesting. It’s quite calm here. He’s pretty intelligent. These students are rather noisy. I so wanted to buy the dress. She writes poems too often. It’s absolutely amazing. I am a little angry with her. You play card very well.
6. Relative clause/adjective clause
Re means back and lative means relation
Relative pronoun (who, which, that, what, whom, whose) placed before an adjective clause connects a clause or phrase to a noun or pronoun.
Relative clauses= Relative clauses start with the relative pronouns.
The cyclist who won the race trained hard. The pants that I bought yesterday are already stained. The four team leaders, whomever the committee selects, will be at tomorrow’s meeting. Biriani, which we eat twice a week, is one of my favorite meals. The book, when it was finally returned, was torn and stained. The store on the corner, where we usually buy all of our art supplies, burned to the ground. The festival, which lasted all day, ended with a banquet. I am looking for someone who can watch my dog while I go on vacation. The police needed details that could help identify the robber. I’d like to take you to a café which serves excellent coffee. I saw the shoes what you bought last week on sale for less this week. The winners, when known, will receive money and other prizes. This is the place where we met. This is the book that everyone is talking about. She wrote to the person whom she had met last month.
7. Prepositional Phrases: A prepositional phrase starts with a preposition and ends with a noun, pronoun, gerund, or clause, the “object” of the preposition. It functions as an adjective or adverb.
Commonly used Prepositional Phrases: According to the weather forecast, Across many deserts, After many tries, Amid the confusion, Around the world, Before we start the meeting, Between a rock and a hard place, By the light of the moon, like a beautiful swan, Near the ocean, Of my boss, Off the top, Out the door, Through the looking glass, Throughout the thick forest, To the amusement park
Prepositional Phrases that function as an Adjective: The book with the tattered cover has been read many times. All the passengers aboard the runaway train were frightened. The present inside the big box is mine. Our boss put out a memo regarding the new rule. The clues within the first few chapters will lead to the murderer. His is only one voice among many, but it will be heard.
Prepositional Phrases that function as Adverbs: Racing toward the finish line, Sarah realized she just might win. My shopping list needs to be put into my purse. Without a GPS, we will lose our way. Until today, I had never heard that. The balloon drifted up the stairs. Put the fresh flowers upon a high shelf. Despite warnings, she tried to ski down Devil’s Run. Against all odds, our team won the tournament. The tiger crept slowly over the grass. We will order pizza during halftime.
8. Adverbial phrase: It is a group of words that functions as an adverb in a sentence. That is, it modifies a verb, adjective, adverb, clause, or the sentence as a whole. Adverbial phrases often feature an adverb being modified by other elements, but not always.
For examples: very quickly, in a while, just a bit, surprisingly well, at the fairground, slightly close, as soon as possible
Here are some examples of adverb phrases being used in sentences:
She rode her bike very hastily. The farmers worked like a single unit. The surf at the beach was coming in extremely quickly. After they woke up, they packed up their things and then went on a hike. He read the restaurant’s menu rather slowly.
9. Adverbial Clause: It is a dependent clause that acts as an adverb in the sentence. Adverb clauses begin with subordinating conjunctions. Unlike an adjective clause, in which the introductory word serves as the subject, the subordinating conjunction does not serve as the subject. The subordinating conjunction is often an adverb itself.
Example: Because he has a college degree, he got a great job. When the storm started, she was at the store. Bob wore the coat that I gave him. Whether you like it or not, you have to go to bed now. She likes the red car more than her husband does. If you pay your bills, you will have a good credit score. Unless you run fast, you will miss the bus. So that she would have a tan for her vacation, she went to a tanning salon. Marty kept his schedule open, in case of emergencies. Because he loved her, he didn’t believe she had an affair. Once they saw the car coming, the birds flew away from the street. Although she has a business degree, she is working as a retail clerk. You must keep practicing the etude until you get it right. In order to have six-pack abs, he works out at the gym. As we bought the tickets, the overture was beginning.
10. Compounds: Compoundingis the process of combining two words to create a new word (commonly a noun, verb, or adjective). Compounds are written sometimes as one word (sunglasses), sometimes as two hyphenatedwords (life-threatening), and sometimes as two separate words (football stadium).
11. Compounding is the most common type of word-formation in English.
Compound elements= Examples
noun + noun = bedroom, water tank, motorcycle, printer cartridge
verb + noun = washing machine, driving licence, swimming pool
noun + verb = Rainfall, haircut, train-spotting
adverb + noun = Onlooker, bystander
noun + adverb = hanger-on, passer-by
adjective + verb = dry-cleaning, public speaking
verb + adverb = Lookout, take-off, drawback
adjective + noun = Greenhouse, software, redhead
adverb + verb = Output, overthrow, upturn
Exercise on Modifier
- The importance of — (pre-modify the noun) habits lies in character.
- If we practice good habits, it will take form of — (use possessive) character and vice versa.
- We should inculcate good habits — (use prepositional phrase).
- Plato scolded — (use article/determiner) lad for gambling with nuts.
- You are scolding me for a — (pre-modify the adjective) small matter.
- Plato — (Pre-modify the verb) said that habit is not a small matter.
- Plato was speaking out of — (use determiner) very depth of his great experience.
- Plato was speaking about — (use noun adjective) nature.
- He is — (use article) asset to the society at large.
- If you — (pre-modify the verb) allow a bad habit to grow, it becomes a part of your nature.
- Computer is an advanced — (pre modify the noun) device.
- It takes raw data as input — (use prepositional phrase) and processes these data.
- A computer has — (use determiner) functions: it accepts data, processes data, produces output and stores results.
- Input is the raw information — (use participle) into a computer from the input devices.
- The first and — (Premodify the noun) duty in student life is — (use infinitive).
- He should read not only his — (use participle) books.
- He should also read the books of — (premodify the noun) writers.
- He has also to read newspapers, journals and magazines and widen — (use possessive) outlook.
- He has to fix his aim of life and equip himself for — (use demonstrative/Determiner) profession.
- He should keep — (use prepositional phrase).
- Students of today are the — (premodify the noun) leaders of the nation.
- A student should not waste — (use possessive) time and energies.
- Once a goose used to lay a — (pre-modify the noun) egg every day.
- The farmer used to sell them — (use prepositional phrase).
- He was happy — (use an infinitive phrase) every day.
- But his wife was a — (pre-modify the noun) woman.
- She wanted — (use an infinitive) all eggs together.
- Then she would be a rich woman — (post-modify the verb).
- She cut the belly of the goose — (use an infinitive) her greed.
- — (use present participle phrase) of the goose, she found no egg there.
- She became — (pre-modify the adjective) disappointed.
- Her greed brought her — (pre-modify the noun) luck.
- I gathered a peculiar experience — (post modify the verb) while travelling to St. Martin’s Island.
- Habib, — (an appositive) was my guide.
- We watched — (use demonstrative) sea gulls.
- The — (pre-modify the noun) birds were flying — (post-modify the verb) with the ship.
- They became — (use an intensifier) dear and friendly to us.
- We became — (use an intensifier) excited.
- We decided — (use an infinitive phrase) in the idyllic island.
- We can never forget — (use a demonstrative) lovely sea birds.
- Language plays a — (pre-modify the adjective) important role in our life.
- We use language from the time we wake up — (use an adverbial phrase) till we go to bed at night.
- We use language not only in our waking hours but also in our — (use noun).
- We use language — (use an infinitive) what we feel, like or dislike.
- We also use language — (use an infinitive) information.
- Language is — (pre-modify the adjective) present in our activities.
- It is an — (pre-modify the noun) part of our life.
- As an — (pre-modify the noun) nation we also have a language.
- But we used to struggle — (post-modify the verb) to establish the right to our language.
- Many — (pre-modify the noun) sons sacrificed their live for the language.
- Education — (use appositive) is essential for development.
- We can improve — (use possessive) mind.
- An — (pre-modify the noun) person has the ability — (infinitive phrase).
- One can refine one’s sensibility — (present participle phrase).
- Actually, the educated are able to bring about — (pre-modify the noun) development.
- An — (pre-modify the noun) person — (pre-modify the verb) lag behind.
- The educated should come forward — (prepositional phrase) to educate all in the society
- Once upon a time there lived a — (pre-modify the noun) fox.
- It was roaming in search of food — (post-modify the verb).
- He looked, but could not find anything — (use an infinitive phrase).
- — (pre-modify the verb) he saw a garden at a distance.
- — (use a demonstrative) grapes looked quite ripe and juicy.
- The fox looked at the grapes with longing eyes and licked — (use possessive) chops.
- The fox tried — (Post-modify the verb).
- But he failed — (use an infinitive phrase).
- Bangladesh is a — (pre-modify the noun) country.
- It has a — (pre-modify the noun) population.
- Most people here live below the — (use noun adjective) line.
- Many poor children either drop out of school — (use a phrase).
- We have far too many students — (use infinitive) compared to the number of institutions.
- Bangladesh needs more institutions to provide for the — (use present participle) number of students.
- One hot — (use a noun adjective) day an ant was searching for some water.
- After walking for some time she came to a — (pre-modify the noun) spring.
- While climbing the blade of — (use a demonstrative) grass, she slipped and fell into water.
- Soon it carried her — (post modify the verb) to the dry ground.
- The ant saw a hunter standing — (use an intensifier) close to her.
- She went — (post-modify the verb) towards the hunter and gave him a severe bite.
- Seeing this, the dove flew away — (use an infinitive) her life.
- Othello, — (use an appositive) had risen to become a general.
- He had shown his bravery in many — (pre-modify the noun) battles against the Turks.
- Every one praised him — (post modify the verb) and the senate trusted and honoured him.
- Brabantio had a daughter named Desdemona — (use a relative clause).
- Brabantio — (pre-modify the verb) invited Othello to his house.
- He told them of mountains high — (use an intensifier) to touch the sky.
- She pitied Othello — (post modify the verb) for the misfortune of his life.
- Her pity — (post modify the verb) turned to love.
- She refused all the young men — (use an infinitive) because she loved Othello.
- The newspaper — (an appositive) is a printed record of current event.
- It gives us — (use determiner) important news of home and abroad.
- In a word, the newspaper is like — (use determiner) mirror of the world.
- The “Indian Gazette” was the — (use determiner) newspaper of the subcontinent.
- The Samachar Darpon was first — (use a noun adjective) newspaper.
- A newspaper is — (pre modify the adjective) useful to us.
- We cannot think of — (use possessive) morning without it.
- — (pre-modify the noun) people have different taste.
- So, a newspaper supplies us with — (use a determiner) sort of news.
- We all should read newspaper — (post modify the verb).
- Rabindranath Tagore, — (an appositive) was born in 1861.
- He was — (use determiner) fourteenth child of Devendranath and Sarada Devi Tagore.
- He went to school — (an adverbial of time) and wrote his — (Use determiner) verse at the age of eight.
- He reached London — (use an infinitive phrase).
- He gathered — (Use determiner) experience from his stay in London.
- — (Use a demonstrative) experience had a lasting effect on his later life.
- Rabindranath returned home without — (Use determiner) qualifications of distinction.
- However, he never gave up — (Use possessive) habit of writing poetry.
- Sheikh Saadi, — (an appositive), was simple in his ways of life.
- — (Use quantifier) day, at the invitation of the emperor, he set out for the emperor’s palace.
- He took shelter in a courtier’s house — (prepositional phrase).
- The courtier and his men did not show — (Use determiner) honour and hospitality to him.
- Saadi again took shelter in the — (Pre-modify the noun) courtier’s house.
- — (Use a demonstrative) time he put on a gorgeous dress.
- The courtier received him — (Post modify the verb) and entertained him with rich foods.
- The courtier’s men were surprised — (Use an infinitive phrase).
- They asked him why he was putting the foods — (with prepositional phrase).
- Load-shedding, — (an appositive), means intentional stopping of the supply of electricity.
- It occurs when — (Use article) generation of power is less than the demand.
- Load shedding hampers our — (pre-modify the noun) household activities.
- Students cannot prepare — (Use possessive) lessons and idle away their time.
- Parents suffer — (Post-modify the verb) because of load shedding.
- Load shedding hampers the smooth — (pre-modify the noun) development of a country.
- We should try — (Use an infinitive) more electricity through government.
- An all-out effort can solve — (Use a demonstrative) problem.
- A village doctor is a — (use an intensifier) familiar person in the rural areas of Bangladesh.
- He is — (pre-modify the verb) known as a quack.
- A village doctor is not a — (pre-modify the noun) doctor.
- He — (pre-modify the verb) sits in a small dispensary in the morning and evening.
- He treats the patients — (use a participle) small fees.
- A village doctor is not a — (pre-modify the noun) man.
- His chamber is — (pre-modify the verb) furnished.
- He cannot supply costly medicines to the (h) — (pre-modify the noun) patients.
- The number of qualified doctors is — (use an intensifier) few.
- So, a village doctor is a great friend to the — (pre-modify the noun) people.
- Nelson Mandela, — (an appositive), is one of the greatest leaders of the world.
- During — (use article) time of Mandela, the Europeans were separated from the no-Europeans.
- It was a — (use noun adjective) policy of racial segregation.
- The blacks were subjected to — (use quantifier) sorts of indignities.
- They were denied all basic — (pre-modify the noun) rights.
- They were in fact aliens in — (use possessive) own country.
- The blacks were also treated — (post-modify the verb).
- The — (pre-modify the noun) leader vowed to put an end to the inhuman practice.
- Unfortunately, — (use a demonstrative) great man was thrown behind the prison bars.
- The great leader fulfilled the goal of liberating — (use possessive) people.
- Water is a — (pre-modify the noun) substance.
- It has no color of — (possessive) own.
- The — (use determiner) name of water is life.
- By drinking water, we can quench — (use possessive to pre-modify the noun) thirst.
- But — (pre-modify the noun) water is life killing.
- We may — (pre modify the verb) face — (pre-modify the noun) death by drinking such type of water.
- We are responsible for — (use noun adjective) pollution.
- Besides, latrines — (use participle) on ponds and rivers cause water pollution.
- — (pre-modify the noun) awareness should be raised to stop water pollution.
- 21st February, — (use an appositive), in our history is now observed all over the world.
- People of our country get up — (post-modify the verb) in the morning.
- They walk — (post-modify the verb) to the Shaheed Minar.
- Most of them put on — (pre-modify the noun) badges on their shoulder.
- They go to the Shaheed Minar — (use a participle) the most cherished song.
- They pray for the — (use a possessive) souls.
- They also gather in mosques, temples and other — (pre-modify the noun) institutions.
- They pray for the salvation of the martyr’s — (pre-modify the noun) soul.
- Different organizations arrange — (pre-modify the noun) programs on — (use a demonstrative) day.
- One day Robert Bruce — (appositive), was lying in the cave.
- He was thinking of — (use possessive) misfortune.
- He thought that he would not be able — (use an infinitive phrase).
- Suddenly, he saw a spider — (a prepositional/an adverbial of place).
- The spider was trying to reach — (use determiner) ceiling of the cave.
- It almost got to the point — (use quantifier) times.
- It was trying — (an adverbial).
- Robert Bruce became amazed — (use an infinitive phrase) the success of the spider.
- He remembered the small spider and prepared — (an adverb) for the battle.
- He fought hard with the English and — (use a demonstrative) time, he came out successful.
- Bangladesh — (an appositive), has a huge population.
- People live below the — (pre-modify the noun) line.
- They can’t therefore afford to educate — (Use a possessive) children.
- Many poor children drop out of school after just a — (Use a quantifier) years.
- We have far too many students — (Use infinitive) compared to the number of institutions available.
- Bangladesh needs — (Use a determiner) schools, colleges and universities.
- Students do not get a — (Pre-modify the noun) education for lack of facilities.
- A moonlit night, — (an appositive), is very charming and enjoyable.
- It presents an — (Use an adjective) sight.
- On — (Use article) moonlit night, the moon looks like a disk of silver.
- The whole world shines — (post modify the verb).
- People of — (Use determiner) ages enjoy a moonlit night.
- They pass — (Use possessive) time talking to each other.
- — (Use quantifier) people arrange picnic on the roof — (Use an infinitive phrase) the time.
- A moonlit night has — (Use determiner) special significance for the poor.
- Most of — (use a possessive) students cannot write out their examination papers fairly.
- They cannot understand the questions — (post-modify the verb).
- Students — (pre-modify the verb) lengthen them unnecessarily.
- Their — (pre-modify the noun) answers generally become disgusting and unnecessary.
- Such answers always earn — (pre-modify the noun) marks.
- All you should do, is to understand the questions — (post modify the verb).
- Don’t worry, if — (use a possessive) answers are fairly short.
- You should make your presentation neat and clean — (use an infinitive phrase).
- Make your sentences — (use an intensifier) short and simple.
- Nobel Prize is awarded for — (pre-modify the noun) contributions to different fields.
- It is awarded in — (pre-modify the noun) fields.
- It is the world’s most — (pre-modify the noun) prize.
- The prize money is divided — (post-modify the verb) among them.
- Alfred Nobel earned a lot of money — (a present participle phrase).
- For this — (pre-modify the noun) invention he became famous.
- His name and fame spread — (post-modify the verb).
- There is a Nobel committee — (an infinitive) the right person for award.
- The winners of Nobel Prize are treated with — (pre-modify the noun) respect.
- The world will always remember him for his — (pre-modify the noun) contribution.
- Books are — (an intensifier) essential for us.
- They help us — (an infinitive) knowledge.
- — (a present participle) books, we can know everything.
- They show us the — (pre-modify the noun) way.
- Books can be our — (pre-modify the noun) friends.
- They help us — (an infinitive) our mind.
- They improve our — (pre-modify the noun) power.
- They give us solace to our — (pre-modify the noun) mind.
- Besides reading — (pre-modify the noun) books, students should read other books.
- If they read other books, they will be able to know everything — (post modify the verb).
- Once upon a time there lived — (Use article) generous and kindhearted king.
- But the people were not happy with — (Use possessive) king.
- The king would not do — (use determiner) work other than eating and sleeping.
- He spent many days in — (Use possessive) bed either eating something or sleeping.
- He became — (use an adverb) inactive.
- The king became — (use article) potato couch
- — (Use quantifier) day he realized that he could not even move his body.
- He invited — (pre-modify the noun) doctors in his country.
- Rabindranath Tagore was a — (pre-modify the noun) poet of Bengali literature.
- He was born in a — (pre-modify the noun) family at Jarasanko, Kolkata.
- He went to school — (post modify the verb).
- He wrote his — (pre modify the noun) verse at the age of eight.
- He went to London — (use infinitive) school there.
- He was put up in lodging house under the care of a — (pre modify the noun) coach, Mr. Scott.
- He was lucky — (with infinitive) an English family of Mr. Scott.
- He also visited the House of parliament — (with an infinitive) debates on Irish rule.
- He wrote letters to Kolkata — (use present participle) English society.
- At this, his family thought that they might lose their son — (post modify the verb).
- He fought — (post modify the verb) and won the battle.
- He saw three witches — (a present participle) about him.
- He came — (an infinitive) from the witches.
- He became — (pre modify the adjective with an intensifier) ambitious.
- His wife also wanted Macbeth — (post modify the verb with an infinitive) the king.
- She was a very — (pre modify the noun) woman.
- So she began — (an infinitive) Macbeth.
- Then they both plotted to kill Duncan, — (an appositive).
- They planned — (an infinitive) Duncan.
- Mother is an — (pre-modify the noun) blessing in the world.
- Mother’s day is a — (Use an intensifier) significant day.
- Mothers’ day is now observed — (Use an adverbial phrase) around the world.
- The sons and daughters — (pre-modify the verb) wait for this day.
- They buy some special presents for their — (premodify the noun) mother.
- It brings a — (Use an adverb) happiness between a mother and — (Use a possessive) children.
- The mother — (pre-modify the verb) draws her children with her motherly affection.
- We pay a — (Use a participle) tribute to our dear mothers.
- Education is the process of developing our body, mind and soul through — (pre-modify the noun) learning.
- Its necessity cannot be described — (post-modify the verb).
- It is one of the — (pre-modify the noun) needs of a human being.
- It is a process by which our physical and — (pre-modify the noun) faculties are developed.
- A body cannot stand — (post-modify the verb) without a backbone.
- Education are of — (pre-modify the noun) kinds — formal and informal education.
- Education is necessary for — (pre-modify the noun) development of body, mind and soul.
- A — (pre-modify the noun) fox was roaming in search of food — (adverbial).
- He looked, but could not find anything — (use an infinitive phrase).
- — (pre-modify the verb) he saw a garden at a distance.
- He went there without — (use determiner) delay.
- The fox saw — (use article) number of grapevines laden with bunch of grapes.
- — (use a demonstrative) grapes looked quite ripe and juicy.
- The fox looked at the grapes with longing eyes and licked — (use possessive) chops.
- The fox tried — (adverbial).
- He failed — (use an infinitive phrase).
- Education, — (apposition), is considered to be the backbone of a nation.
- Mr Alom, — (use an appositive), usually goes for a — (use a noun adjective) walk every day.
- He saw a man — (use a participle) senseless — (use prepositional phrase).
- He — (premodify the verb) went nearer to the man and tried — (use infinitive phrase).
- Mr Alom became — (use an intensifier) afraid of the unwanted situation.
- He was a — (use a noun adjective) officer.
- The officer came and took the man to the — (pre-modify the noun) hospital.
- People are considered obese when — (use possessive) body mass index.
- Obesity increases the likelihood of — (pre-modify the noun) diseases.
- Female education is — (use an intensifier) essential for the overall development of a nation.
- — (use a participle), no nation can prosper.
- But most of the women are lagging — (post-modify the noun) in education.
- Without female education, our — (pre-modify the noun) development is not possible.
- Women need to be educated for — (pre-modify the noun) reasons.
- A woman should be educated — (post-modify the verb).
- An — (premodify the noun) woman is conscious of her duties, rights and responsibilities.
- So, we should take every necessary step (h) ——(use an infinitive phrase) our female force.
- An educated woman can bring up her children — (post-modify the verb).
- Give me an educated mother, and I will give you an — (pre-modify the noun) nation.
- Once a tiger was — (use intensifier) hungry.
- He was looking for — (pre-modify the noun) animals to eat.
- But he failed — (use infinitive phrase).
- Then he met a — (pre-modify the noun) fox.
- And — (use a demonstrative) fox was also hungry.
- — (use a participle) satisfied a farmer set a trap to kill the tiger as it hunted its lambs ago.
- Bangladesh is a — (pre-modify the noun) country.
- Though it is a small country, it has a — (pre-modify the noun) population.
- It gained independence — (post-modify the verb).
- — (a present participle) for nine months, we achieved our freedom.
- About three — (pre-modify the noun) people were killed in the war.
- They sacrificed their lives — (an infinitive) freedom.
- We should not forget — (use a possessive) contribution.
- Now we are progressing — (post-modify the verb).
- Now we are able — (an infinitive) our problems.
- Our people will see — (pre-modify the noun) days soon.
- Deforestation means cutting down of trees — (post-modify the verb).
- Trees are being cut and thus it causes — (premodify the noun) imbalance.
- Some dishonest people cut trees in our forest — (use an infinitive phrase) money.
- Due to deforestation carbon dioxide is increasing — (post-modify the verb).
- The — (use a noun adjective) level is rising.
- New areas are — (use a participle) turned into desert as a result of deforestation.
- — (use a participle) trees in such an indiscriminate rate will be hazardous for existence.
- If we destory trees — (use an adverbial phrase), the country will turn into a great desert.
- The — (use a participle) temperature will cause greenhouse effect.
- Necessary measures should be taken — (use an infinitive phrase).
- A marriage ceremony is a — (Pre-modify the noun) occasion.
- It happens at the residence of the bride’s father on a — (Pre-modify the adjective) agreed day.
- The bridegroom’s party arrives — (Post-modify the verb) in time in their best dresses.
- The people of the bride — (Pre-modify the verb) receive him.
- Then the — (use noun adjective) ceremony begins.
- A — (use noun adjective) registrar makes a document for the registration of the marriage.
- The bride and bridegroom then perform some — (Pre-modify the noun) rites in a solemn way.
- A — (Pre-modify the noun) feast follows.
- The happy ceremony ends with a — (Pre-modify the noun) sense of separation.
- Amerigo, — (use noun in apposition) lives alone.
- No one of his parents wants — (use infinitive) his responsibility.
- — (use possessive) mother told him to go away because she is married to another man.
- — (use determiner) streets are now his home.
- He wanted money from his father to buy a — (Pre-modify the noun) ticket.
- — (use adverbial) he finds work.
- Some of — (use demonstrative) works are very risky for him.
- Once he sold ice-cream — (use prepositional phrase).
- But he got — (use quantifier) money in return from the owner of ice-cream.
- Unity is — (use an intensifier) essential — (use infinitive) the problems of life.
- The story is of an — (pre-modify the noun) man and his — (pre-modify the noun) sons.
- He gave a bundle of sticks to his sons and asked them — (use infinitive phrase).
- He — (pre-modify the verb) asked them to break the stick.
- They could do — (post-modify the verb).
- This is — (pre-modify the adjective) true in case of a society or a nation.
- Tokai is a — (Use an adjective) Bangla word.
- It means one — (Use an adjective clause).
- He is a boy of the street — (Use a participle) no home and hearth.
- He leads a — (Use an intensifier) dirty and unhygienic life.
- He puts on rags and — (Use an participle phrase) clothes.
- Bad smell comes from — (Use possessive) body and dress.
- He roams about in the streets — (Use a participle phrase) torn papers and clothes.
- He earns his livelihood — (Use a gerund phrase).
- If he can save money, he goes to the cinema hall — (Use an infinitive) a film.
- This is the way of their life — (post-modify the noun).
- I had to witness a very — (pre-modify the noun) street accident yesterday.
- Ruma, — (an appositive), also witnessed the accident.
- We were walking — (post-modify the verb) along the right side of the road.
- A jeep was coming with a great speed from the — (pre-modify the noun) direction.
- He was an — (pre-modify the noun) man and slower than usual.
- The jeep could not control — (possessive case) speed and ran over the old man.
- To — (use a possessive case) horror we saw that the man became a lump of flesh.
- We went to the — (use a noun) station to file a case against the driver.
- The officer-in-change thanked us for our — (pre-modify the noun) acts.
- Rabindranath Tagore, — (post-modify the noun with appositive), was born in 1861.
- He was born in a — (pre-modify the noun) family at Jorasanko in Kolkata.
- He was — (use determiner) fourteenth child of Devendranath and Sarada Tagore.
- He went to school — (post-modify the verb) and wrote his — (use determiner) verse at 8.
- He gathered much experience from his stay — (prepositional phrase).
- — (use a demonstrative) had a lasting effect on his later life.
- In 1880 he returned home without (h) — (use determiner) qualifications of distinction.
- However, he never gave up (i) — (use possessive) habit of writing poetry.
- He was awarded the Nobel Prize in 1913 for his Gitanjali, (an appositive).
- I can remember a memorable incident that happened — (post-modify the verb).
- It was a — (use a noun adjective) holiday.
- My cousin, — (an appositive), was with me.
- It was not — (post-modify the noun) river.
- But it was — (use an intensifier) beautiful.
- We saw many small boats — (use participle phrase).
- Then we came across a — (use a noun adjective) line.
- The train was — (post-modify the noun) and many people were hanging.
- The train — (use a prepositional phrase) disappeared very quickly.
- We became very thrilled — (use an infinitive phrase).
- Nelson Mandela — (appositive), is one of the greatest leaders of the world, no doubt.
- During — (use article) time of him, the Europeans were separated from the non-Europeans.
- It was — (use noun-adjective) policy of racial segregation.
- The blacks were subjected to— (use quantifier) sorts of indignities.
- They were denied all basic — (pre-modify the noun) rights.
- They were in fact aliens in — (use possessive) own country.
- The blacks were also treated — (post-modify the verb).
- The — (pre-modify the noun) leader vowed to put an end to the inhuman practice.
- Unfortunately, — (use demonstrative) great man thrown behind the prison bars.
- The great leader fulfilled the goal of liberating — (use possessive) people.
- Newspaper plays a very — (pre-modify the noun) role in modern civilization.
- Only — (pre-modify the noun) knowledge is not enough in this competitive world.
- A newspaper helps a man — (infinitive) his general knowledge.
- Besides academic books, one should read newspapers — (post-modify the verb).
- Newspaper helps one — (an infinitive) the facts of the world.
- — (present participle phrase) regularly, one can be aware of everything.
- There are — (pre-modify the noun) kinds of newspapers.
- One should select the newspaper — (post-modify the verb).
- One should choose the — (premodify the noun) paper.
- Whatever the paper is, it — (pre-modify the verb) helps a man.
- The newspaper, — (appositive), is a printed record of current event.
- It gives us — (use determiner) the important news of home and abroad.
- In a word, the newspaper is like— (use article) “mirror” of the world.
- The “Indian Gazette” was the— (use determiner) newspaper of the subcontinent.
- “The Samachar Darpon” was the first — (pre-modify the noun) newspaper.
- A newspaper is — (pre-modify the adjective) useful to us.
- We cannot think of — (use possessive) morning without it.
- — (pre-modify the noun) people have different tastes.
- So, a newspaper supplies us with— (use determiner) sorts of news.
- So, we all should read newspapers — (post-modify the verb).
Read the following text and use modifiers as directed in the blank spaces.
The importance of (a) —- (Use an adjective to pre-modify the noun) habits lies in the fact that if we practice good habits, it will take form of (b) —- (Use possessive to pre-modify the noun) character and vice versa. Habits become part of our nature. We should inculcate good habits (c) —- (Post-modify the verb with prepositional phrase). The great philosopher Plato scolded (d) —- (Use article to pre-modify the noun) lad for gambling with nuts, and the boy replied, “You are scolding me for a (e) —- (Pre-modify the adjective with an adverb) small matter.” The great philosopher (f) —- (Pre-modify the verb with an adverb) said, “My boy, habit is not a small matter.” Plato was here speaking out of (g) —- (Use determiner to pre-modify the noun) very depth of his great experience of (h) —- (Use an adjective to pre-modify the noun) nature. A man with good habits plays an important role in the development of the society. He is (i) —- (Use article to pre-modify the noun) asset to the society at large. It is important to understand that if you (j) —- (Use an adverb to pre-modify the verb) allow a bad habit to grow, it becomes a part of our nature.
Answer: (a) good (b) our (c) in our life (d) a (e) very (f) gravely (g) the (h) human (i) an (j) once
Read the following text carefully and use suitable modifiers in the blank spaces.
1. Computer is an advanced (a) — (use adjective as premodifier) device that takes raw data as input (b) — (use prepositional phrase as postmodifier) and processes these data under the control of set of instructions (c) — (use past participle as premodifier) program and gives the result named output and saves output (d) — (use prepositional phrase as postmodifier). It can process both numerical and non-numerical calculations. A computer has (e) — (use cardinal adjective as premodifier) functions : it accepts data, processes data, produces, output and stores results. Input is the raw information (f) — (use present participle) into a computer from the input devices. It is the collection of letters, numbers, images etc. Process is the operation of data as per (g) — (use past participle phrase as postmodifier). It is totally internal process of the (h) — (use noun as premodifier) system. Output is the processed data (i) — (use past participle phrase as postmodifier) after data processing. Output is also called result. We can save (j) — (use demonstrative adjective as premodifier) results in the storage devices for future use.
Answer: (a) electronic, (b) from the user, (c) called, (d) for future use, (e) four, (f) entered, (g) given instructions, (h) computer, (i) given by computer, (j) these
2. The first and (a) — (Premodify the noun) duty in student life is (b) — (postmodify using infinitive). A student should remember that knowledge is power. He should read not only his (c) — (premodify the noun using past participle) books but also the books of (d) — (premodify the noun using adjective) writers in (e) — premodify the noun using adjective) branches of studies. He has also to read newspapers, journals and magazines and widen (f) — (premodify the noun using possessive adjective) outlook. He has to fix his aim of life and equip himself for (g) — (premodify the noun using demonstrative adjective) profession. He should keep (h) — (postmodify using prepositional phrase) that the students of today are the (i) — (premodify the noun using adjective) leaders of the nation. Therefore, a student should not waste (j) — (premodify the noun using possessive adjective) time, energies and faculties in matters other than education and learning.
Answer: (a) foremost, (b) to study/to acquire knowledge, (c) prescribed, (d) famous, (e) different/various, (f) his/her, (g) that, (h) in mind, (i) future, (j) his/her
3. Once a farmer had a goose. It used to lay a (a) — pre-modify the noun) egg every day. The farmer used to sell them (b) — (post-modify the verb). He was happy (c) — (post-modify the adjective with an infinitive) every day. But his wife was a (d) — (pre-modify the noun) woman. She wanted (e) – (post-modify the verb with an infinitive) all egg together. Then she would be a rich woman (f) — (post-modify the verb). She cut the belly of the goose (g) — (post-modify the verb with an infinitive) her greed. (h) — (pre-modify the verb with present participle) of the goose, she found no egg there. She became (i) — (pre-modify the adjective with adverb) disappointed and lost the goose forever. She realized that it was her greed that brought her (j) — (pre-modify the noun) luck.
Answer: (a) golden (b) in the market (c) to get an egg (d) greedy (e) to get (f) quickly (g) to satisfy (h) cutting the belly (i) extremely/very (j) bad
4. I had gathered a peculiar experience (a) — (post modify the verb) while travelling to St. Martin’s Island. I visited the island along with my family. Zahid, (b) — (post modify the noun with an appositive) was my guide. On the way to the island, we watched (c) — (demonstrative to pre-modify the noun) sea gulls. The (d) — (pre-modify the noun) birds were flying (e) — (post-modify the verb) with the ship. They became (f) — (use an intensifier to pre-modify the adjective) dear and friendly to us. We entertained them with biscuits (g) — them (use a present participle to pre-modify the verb). We became (h) — (use an intensifier to pre-modify the adjective) excited. We decided (i) — (use an infinitive phrase to post modify the verb) in the idyllic island for a couple of days. We can never forget (j) — (use a demonstrative to pre-modify the adjective phrase to post modify the verb) lovely sea birds.
Answer: (a) a few days ago/unexpectedly (b) a local boy (c) those (d) beautiful (e) elegantly/along (f) very (g) entertaining/taming/feeding (h) very (i) to stay (j) those
5. Language plays a (a) — (pre-modify the adjective with an adverb) important role in our life. We use language from the time we wake up (b) — (post-modify the verb with an adverbial phrase) till we go to bed at night. We use language not only in our waking hours but also in our (c) — (use noun as a post-modifier). We use language (d) — (post-modify the verb with an infinitive) what we feel and to say what we like or dislike. We also use language (e) — (post-modify the verb with an infinitive) information. Language is (f) — (pre-modify the adjective with an adverb) present in our activities. It is an (g) — (pre-modify the noun with an adjective) part of our life. As an (h) — (pre-modify the noun with an adjective) nation we also have a language. But we used to struggle (i) — (post-modify the verb with an adverb) to establish the right to our language. Many (j) — (pre-modify the noun with an adjective) sons sacrificed their live for the language.
Answer: (a) very (b) in the morning (c) walking (d) to express (e) to get/to exchange (f) always/ever (g)integral/important (h) independent (i) hard (j) brave
6. Education (a) — (use appositive to post-modify the noun) is essential for development. We can improve (b) — (possessive to pre-modify the noun) mind. An (c) — (adjective to pre-modify the noun) person has the ability (d) — (infinitive phrase). One can refine one’s sensibility (e) — (present participle phrase). Actually, the educated are able to bring about (f) — (pre-modify the noun) development. On the other hand, an (g) —(pre-modify the noun with adjective) person (h) — (Use adverb to pre-modify the verb) lag behind. So, the educated should come forward (i) — (prepositional phrase) to educate all in the society to unload (j) — (use determiner) owes to the country.
Answer: (a) the backbone of any nation (b) our (c) educated ; (d) to contribute something to the development programme (e) by receiving proper education (f) rapid (g) illiterate (h) always (i) without any delay (j) the
7. Once upon a time a (a) — (Use an adjective to pre-modify the noun) fox was roaming in search of food (b) — (Post-modify the verb with adverbial). He looked, but could not find anything (c) — (use an infinitive phrase to post-modify the verb). He was feeling very weak and tired due to hunger. (d) — (Pre-modify the verb with adverb) he saw a garden at a distance. He went there without (e) — (Use determiner to pre-modify the noun) number of grape vines laden with bunch of grapes. (f) — (use a demonstrative to pre-modify the noun phrase) grapes looked quite ripe and juicy. The fox looked at the grapes with longing eyes and licked (g) — (Use possessive to pre-modify the noun) chops. The grapes were in a place too high for him. The fox tried (h) — (Post-modify the verb with adverbial). But he failed (i) — (Use an infinitive phrase to post-modify the verb). Therefore, he walked away in despair.
Answers: (a) a few days ago/unexpectedly (b) a local boy (c) those (d) beautiful (e) elegantly/along (f) very (g) entertaining/taming/feeding (h) very (i) to stay (j) those
8. Bangladesh is a (a) — (pre-modify the noun) country but has a (b) —— (pre-modify the noun) population. Most people here live below the (c) — (Use noun adjective to pre-modify the noun) line and can’t therefore afford to educate their children. Many poor children either drop out of school (d) — (post-modify the verb with a phrase) or (e) —— (pre-modify the verb) simply do not go to school at all. Despite this situation, we have far too many students (f) — (Use infinitive to post-modify the verb) compared to the number of institutions (g) —— (post-modify the noun). Bangladesh needs more schools, colleges and universities to provide for the (h) — (Pre-modify the noun with a present participle) number of students. But owing to financial and resource constrains, the government cannot fund the (h) — (Pre-modify the noun) number of educational institutions. At present, there is hardly any educational institution (j) —— (post-modify the nun with adjective clause).
Answers: (a) small (b) huge/large (c) poverty (d) just after a few years (e) simply (f) to be/to educate (g) available (h) increasing; (i) necessary/requisite (j) which is not over-crowed
9. One hot (a) — (use a noun adjective to pre-modify the noun) day an ant was searching for some water. After walking for some time she came to a (b) —- (use an adjective to pre-modify the noun) spring. To reach the spring she had to climb up a blade of grass. While climbing the blade of (c) — (use a demonstrative to pre-modify the noun) grass, she slipped and fell into water. A dove from a mango tree saw this incident. (d) — (use a present participle phrase to pre-modify the verb), the dove quickly plucked off a leaf and dropped it into the water near the (e) — (use a present participle to pre-modify the noun) ant. The ant moved towards the leaf and climbed up there. Soon it carried her (f) — (use an adverb to post modify the verb) to the dry ground. Just at that time the ant saw a hunter standing (g) —- (use an intensifier to pre-modify the adjective) close to her. When the hunter was aiming an arrow at the dove, the ant decided (h) — (use an infinitive phrase to post-modify the verb). She went (i) — (use an adverb to post-modify the verb) towards the hunter and gave him a severe bite. The hunter crying out in pain missed the target. Seeing this, the dove flew away (j) — (use an infinitive to post-modify the verb) her life. Answers:
10. Othello, (a) — (use an appositive to post modify the noun) had risen to become a general. He had shown his bravery in many (b) — (use an adjective to pre-modify the noun) battles against the Turks. Every one praised him (c) — (use adverb to post modify the verb) and the senate trusted and honoured him. Brabantio, a rich senator of Venice had a daughter named Desdemona (d) — (use a relative clause to post modify the noun). Brabantio (e) — (use an adverb to pre-modify the verb) invited Othello to his house where he and his daughter listened in wonder to Othello as he spoke about his adventures. He told them of deserts, of caves and of mountains high (f) — (use an intensifier to pre-modify the adjective) to touch the sky. Desdemona had to weep (g) — (use present participle to post modify the verb phrase) and she never became tired of listening to it. She pitied Othello (h) — (use an adverb to post modify the verb) for the misfortune and hardships of his life. Her pity (i) — (use an adverb to post modify the verb) turned to love. She refused all the young men (j) — (use an infinitive to post-modify the verb) because she loved Othello, a noble Muslim Moor from North Africa.
Answers: (a) a black moor/a brave soldier (b) bloody/fierce/fearful/dangerous (c) highly (d) who loved him/who was very beautiful (e) often/sometimes (f) enough (g) listening to his stories/hearing (h) heavily/much (i) soon/finally (j) to marry
11. The newspaper (a) — (post-modify the noun with an appositive) is a printed record of current event. It gives us (b) — (use determiner to pre-modify the noun phrase) important news of home and abroad. In a word, the newspaper is like (c) — (use article to pre-modify the noun) mirror of the world. The newspaper was first introduced in China. The “Indian Gazette” was the (d) — (use determiner to pre-modify phrase) newspaper of the subcontinent. The Samachar Darpon was first (e) — (use a noun adjective to pre-modify the noun newspaper. A newspaper is (f) — (use an adverb to modify the adjective) useful to us. We cannot think of (g) — (use possessive to modify the noun) morning without it. (h)— (use an adjective to pre-modify the noun) people have different taste. So, a newspaper supplies us with (i) — (use a determiner to modify the noun) sort of news. We all should read newspaper (j) — (post modify the verb with adverb).
Answers: (a) the third parliament/the store house of knowledge (b) all (c) a (d) first (e) Bengali/Bangla (f) very (g) our (h) different/various (i) all (j) everyday/regularly/carefully
12. Rabindranath Tagore, (a) — (Post-modify the noun with an appositive) was born in 1861 in a (b) — (Use an adjective to pre-modify the noun) family at Jorasako in Kolkata. He was (c) — (Use article to pre- modify the noun phrase) fourteenth child of Devendranath and Sarada Devi Tagore. He went to school (d) — (Post-modify the verb with an adverbial of time) and wrote his (e) — (Use determiner to pre-modify the noun) verse at the age of eight. At the age of seventeen, in 1878 he reached London (f) —— (use an infinitive phrase to post modify the verb). He gathered (g) — (Use determiner to pre-modify the noun) experience from his stay in London. (h) — (Use a demonstrative to pre-modify the noun) experience had a lasting effect on his later life. In 1880, Rabindranath returned home without (i) — (Use determiner to pre-modify the noun) qualifications of distinction. However, he never gave up (j) — (Use possessive to pre-modify the noun) habit of writing poetry. He was awarded the Nobel Prize in 1913 for his Gitanjali.
Answers: (a) a writer (b) rich (c) the (d) early (e) first (f) to study (g) much (h) this (i) any (j) his
13. Sheikh Saadi, (a) — (Post modify the noun with an appositive), was simple in his ways of life. (b) — (Use quantifier to pre-modify the noun) day, at the invitation of the emperor, he set out for the emperor’s palace in an (c) — (Pre-modify the noun) dress. He took shelter in a courtier’s house (d) — (Post modify the verb with prepositional phrase). The courtier and his men did not show (e) — (Use determiner to pre modify the noun) honour and hospitality to him. On his way back home, Saadi again took shelter in the (f) — (Pre-modify the noun) courtier’s house. (g) — (Use a demonstrative to pre-modify the noun) time he put on a gorgeous dress. The courtier received him (h) — (Post modify the verb) and entertained him with rich foods. Now Saadi began to put his foods in the pockets of his dress. The courtier’s men were surprised (i) — (Use an infinitive phrase to post modify the verb). They asked him why he was putting the foods (j) — (Post modify the verb with prepositional phrase).
14. Load-shedding, (a) — (Post modify the noun with an appositive), means intentional stopping of the supply of electricity in a (b) — (Use an adjective to pre-modify the noun) area for a certain period of time. It occurs when (c) — (Use article to pre-modify the noun) generation of power is less than the demand. Load shedding hampers our (d) — (Use an adjective to pre-modify the noun) household activities. Students cannot prepare (e) — (Use possessive to pre-modify the noun) lessons and idle away their time. Parents suffer (f) — (Post-modify the verb with an adverb) because of load shedding. In fact, load shedding hampers the smooth (g) — (Use an adjective to pre-modify the noun) development of a country. In order to solve the problem, we should try (h) — (Use an infinitive to post-modify the verb) more electricity through government and (i) — (Use an adjective to pre-modify the noun) initiatives. An all-out effort can solve (j) — (Use a demonstrative to pre-modify the noun) problem.
Answer: (a) a great curse (b) certain (c) the (d) daily (e) their (f) greatly (g) progressive (h) to generate (i) pragmatic (j) this
15. A village doctor is a (a|) — (use an intensifier to pre-modify the adjective) familiar person in the rural areas of Bangladesh. He is (b) —- (pre-modify the verb) known as a quack. A village doctor is not a (c) — (pre-modify the noun) doctor. He (d) — (pre-modify the verb) sits in a small dispensary in the morning and evening. He treats the patients (e) — (use a participle to post-modify the verb) small fees. A village doctor is not a (f) —- (pre-modify the noun) man. His chamber is (g) — (pre-modify the verb) furnished. He cannot supply costly medicines to the (h) — (pre-modify the noun) patients. In our country, the number of qualified doctors is (i) —- (use an intensifier to pre-modify the adjective) few. So, a village doctor is a great friend to the (j) —- (pre-modify the noun) people.
Answer: (a) very (b) mostly (c) registered/qualified (d) regularly (e) taking (f) rich/poor (g) ill/well (h) poor (i) very (j) village/rural
16. Nelson Mandela, (a) — (post-modify the noun with an appositive), is one of the greatest leaders of the world. During (b) — (use article to pre-modify the noun) time of Mandela, the Europeans were separated from the no-Europeans. It was a (c) — (use an adjective to pre-modify the noun) policy of racial segregation. The blacks were subjected to (d) — (use quantifier to pre-modify the noun) sorts of indignities. They were denied all basic (e) — (use an adjective to pre-modify the noun) rights. They were in fact aliens in (f) — (use possessive to pre-modify the noun phrase) own country. The blacks were also treated (g) — (use an adverb to post-modify the verb). Even dogs received a much better treatment than the blacks. The (h) — (use an adjective to pre-modify the noun) leader vowed to put an end to the inhuman practice. Unfortunately, (i) —- (use a demonstrative to pre-modify the noun) great man was thrown behind the prison bars. But the oppressive rulers could not break his sprit. All his life he struggled against apartheid. Eventually, the great leader fulfilled the goal of liberating (j) — (use possessive to pre-modify the noun) people. Answer: (a) an icon of peace/an African President; (b) the (c) good/government (d) all (e) human (f) their (g) badly/cruelly (h) great (i) this (j) his
17. Water is a (a) — (pre-modify the noun) substance. It has no color of (b) — (possessive to pre-modify) own. The (c) — (determiner to pre-modify the noun) name of water is life. By drinking water, we can quench (d) — (possessive to pre-modify the noun) thirst. Thus we can survive on earth. But (e) — (pre-modify the noun) water is life killing. By drinking contaminated water, we suffer from diseases like diarrhoea, typhoid etc. We may (f) — (pre modify the verb) face (g) — (pre-modify the noun) death by drinking such type of water. We are responsible for (h) — (noun adjective to pre-modify the noun) pollution. Waste materials from mills and factories are thrown here and there. Farmers use fertilizers and insecticides in their land. During the rainy season, they are mixed with ponds and rivers. Besides, latrines (i) — (participle to post-modify the noun) on ponds and rivers cause water pollution. (j) — (pre-modify the noun) awareness should be raised to stop water pollution.
18. 21st February, (a) — (use an appositive to post-modify the noun), in our history is now observed as the International Mother Language Day all over the world. On this day, people of our country get up (b) — (post-modify the verb) in the morning remembering the memory of the martyrs. They walk (c) — (post-modify the verb) to the Shaheed Minar. Most of them put on (d) — (pre-modify the noun) badges on their shoulder. They go to the Shaheed Minar (e) — (use a participle) the most cherished song “Amar vaiyer rokte rangano —” They pay homage and tribute to the memory of the martyrs. Offering the flowers, they pray for the (f) — (use a possessive to pre-modify the noun) souls. They also gather in mosques, temples and other (g) — (pre-modify the noun) institutions and pray for the salvation of the martyr’s (h) — (pre-modify the noun) soul. Different social and cultural organizations arrange (i) — (pre-modify the noun) programs on (j) — (use a demonstrative) day. Answer: (a) a month of mourning (b) early (c) barefooted d) black (e) singing (f) martyrs (g) sanctified/religious (h) departed (i) various (j) this
19. One day Robert Bruce, (a) — (post-modify the noun with appositive), was lying in the cave. He was thinking of (b) — (use possessive to pre-modify the noun) misfortune. He thought that he would not be able (c) — (use an infinitive phrase to post-modify, the verb). Suddenly, he saw a spider (d) — (post-modify the verb with a prepositional/an adverbial of place). The spider was trying to reach (e) — (use determiner to pre-modify the noun) ceiling of the cave. It almost got to the point (f) — (use quantifier to pre-modify the noun) times, but fell down at the last moment. It did not lose hope. It was trying (g) — (post-modify the verb with an adverbial). On the seventh attempt it reached the ceiling. Robert Bruce became very much amazed (h) — (use an infinitive phrase to post-modify the verb) the success of the spider. He felt encouraged and came out of the cave and began to gather soldiers again. He remembered the small spider and prepared (i) — (post modify the verb with an adverb) for the battle. He fought hard with the English and (j) — (use a demonstrative to pre-modify the noun) time, he came out successful. Strong will and perseverance made Robert Bruce the king of Scotland again. Answer: (a) the king of Scotland (b) his (c) to regain his lost kingdom (d) in the cave (e) the (f) several (g) again and again/to reach the ceiling (h) to see (i) well/soon/completely (j) this
20. Bangladesh (a) — (Post-modify the noun with an appositive), has a huge population. Most people here live below the (b) — (Use noun adjective to pre-modify the noun) line and can’t therefore afford to educate (c) — (Use a possessive to pre-modify the noun) children. Many poor children either drop out of school after just a (d) — (Use a quantifier to pre-modify the noun) years or simply do not go to school at all. Despite this situation, we have far too many students (e) — (Use infinitive to post-modify the verb) compared to the number of institutions available. Bangladesh needs (f) — (Use a determiner to pre-modify the noun) schools, colleges and universities to provide for the (g) — (Pre-modify the noun with a present participle) number of students. But the government cannot fund the (h) — (Pre-modify the noun) number of educational institutions. At present every educational institution is over-crowded and class size is (i) — (Pre-modify the adjective) large. Students do not get a (j) — (Pre-modify the noun) education for lack of facilities. Answer: (a) a small country (b) poverty (c) their (d) few (e) to educate (f) more (g) increasing (h) requisite (i) unusually (j) standard
21. A moonlit night, (a) —(post modify the noun with an appositive), is very charming and enjoyable. It presents an (b) — (Use an adjective to pre modify the noun) sight. On (c) — (Use article to pre modify the noun phrase) moonlit night, the moon looks like a disk of silver. The whole world shines (d) — (Use adverb to post modify the verb). People of (e) — (Use determiner to pre modify the noun) ages enjoy a moonlit night. They pass (f) — (Use possessive to pre modify the noun) time talking to each other. (g) — (modify the whole sentence with an adverb) (h) — (Use quantifier to pre modify the noun) people arrange picnic on the roof (i) — (Use an infinitive phrase to post modify the verb) the time. A moonlit night has (j) — (Use determiner to pre modify the noun) special significance for the poor.
22. Most of (a) — (use a possessive to pre-modify the noun) students cannot write out their examination papers fairly. As they cannot understand the questions (b) ——- (post-modify the verb), they often beat about the bush and cram the answers with irrelevant and unnecessary details. Sometimes they also fail to arrange their answer neatly, cleanly and systematically. Although the teacher suggests that their answer should be brief and precise, they (c) — (pre-modify the verb) lengthen them unnecessarily. Therefore, their (d) — (pre-modify the noun) answers generally become disgusting and unnecessary. Such answers always earn (e) — (pre-modify the noun) marks. In order to get expected marks, all you should do, is to understand the questions (f) — (post modify the verb) and answer them just to the point. Don’t worry, if (g) — (use a possessive to pre-modify the noun) answers are fairly short. You should make your presentation neat and clean (h) — (use an infinitive phrase to post-modify the verb). To answer the short comprehensive questions, you should not copy anything (i) — post-modify the verb) from the passage. Make your sentences (j) — (use an intensifier to pre-modifier the adjective) short and simple. Answer: (a) our (b) properly (c) often (d) long (e) poor (f) properly (g) your (h) to get good marks (i) directly (j) fairly
23. Nobel Prize is awarded for (a) — (pre-modify the noun) contributions to different fields. It is awarded in (b) — (pre-modify the noun) fields. It is the world’s most (c) — (pre-modify the noun) prize. If the recipients are more than one, the prize money is divided (d) — (post-modify the verb) among them. Alfred Nobel founded the Nobel Prize. He earned a lot of money (e) — (pot-modify the verb with a present participle phrase). For this (f) — (pre-modify the noun) invention he became famous. His name and fame spread (g) — (post-modify the verb). There is a Nobel committee (h) — (post-modify the noun with an infinitive) the right person for award. The winners of Nobel Prize are treated with (i) — (pre-modify the noun) respect. The world will always remember Alfred Nobel for his (j) — (pre-modify the noun) contribution. Answer: (a) outstanding (b) six (c) prestigious ; (d) equally (e) inventing dynamite (f) important (g) all over the world (h) to choose/to select (i) great (j) remarkable/ significant
24. Books are (a) — (pre-modify the adjective with an intensifier) essential for us. They help us (b) — (post-modify the verb with an infinitive) knowledge. (c) — (pre-modify the verb with a present participle) books, we can know everything. They show us the (d) — (pre-modify the noun) way. Books can be our (e) — (pre-modify the noun) friends. They help us (f) — (post modify the verb with an infinitive) our mind. They improve our (g) — (pre-modify the noun) power. They give us solace to our (h) — (pre-modify the noun|) mind. Besides reading (i) — (pre-modify the noun) books, students should read other books. If they read other books, they will be able to know everything (j) — (post modify the verb). Answer: (a) very (b) to gain (c) reading (d) true (e) best (f) to develop (g) thinking (h) disturbed (i) text (j) properly
25. Once upon a time there lived (a) — (Use article to pre modify the noun phrase) generous and kindhearted king. But the people were not happy with (b) — (Use possessive to pre modify the noun) king, because the kind was too lazy and would not do (c) — (use determiner to pre modify the noun) work other than eating and sleeping. He spent days and weeks and months in (d) — (Use possessive to pre modify the noun phrase) bed either eating something or sleeping. He became (e) — (use an adverb to pre modify the adjective) inactive. The king became (f) — (use article to pre modify the noun) potato couch and the people started worrying about the king. (g) — (Use quantifier to pre modify the noun) day he realized that he could not even move his body. He became fat and his enemies made fun of him calling ‘fatty king’ or ‘bulky king’ etc. He invited (h) — (Use an adjective to pre modify the noun) doctors from (i) — (use determiner to pre modify the noun) parts of his country and offered them generous rewards (j) — (use an infinitive phrase to post modify the verb) him fit. Unfortunately, none could help the king regain his health and fitness. Answer: (a) very (b) to gain (c) reading (d) true (e) best (f) to develop (g) thinking (h) disturbed (i) text (j) properly
26. Rabindranath Tagore was a (a) — (pre-modify the noun) poet of Bengali literature. He was born in a (b)——(pre-modify the noun) family at Jarasanko, Kolkata. He went to school(c) — (post modify the verb). He wrote his (d) — (pre modify the noun) verse at the age of eight. At the age of seventeen, he went to London (e) — (post modify the verb with infinitive) school there. He was put up in lodging house under the care of a (f) — (pre modify the noun) coach, Mr. Scott. He was lucky (g) —— (post modify the adjective with infinitive) an English family of Mr. Scott. He also visited the House of parliament (h) — (post modify the verb with an infinitive) Gladstone and John Bright’s debates on Irish rule. He wrote letters to Kolkata (i) — (post modify the verb with a present participle) English society. At this, his family thought that they might lose their son (j) — (post modify the verb). So, he was called back to Kolkata. Answer: (a) renowned/prominent/famous (b) noble/royal (c) early (d) first (e) to attend (f) professional (g) enough to find (h) to listen to (i) admiring/praising/describing (j) forever
27. Macbeth was the General of Scotland. He fought (a) — (post modify the verb) and won the battle. While he was returning to the castle, he saw three witches (b) — (post modify the noun with a present participle) about him. He came (c) — (post modify the noun with an infinitive) from the witches that he would be the king of Scotland. He became (d) — (pre modify the adjective with an intensifier) ambitious. His wife also wanted Macbeth (e) — (post modify the verb with an infinitive) the king. She was a very (f) — (pre modify the noun) woman. So she began (g) — (post modify the verb with an infinitive) Macbeth. Then they both plotted to kill Duncan, (h) — (post modify the noun with an appositive). They planned (i) — (post modify the verb with an infinitive) Duncan when he would come to stay with them in their castle (j) — (pre-modify the verb with a present participle) a knife. Macbeth entered the room of Duncan and killed him. Answer: (a) bravely/valiantly (b) talking (c) to learn (d) very (e) to be (f) cunning/ambitious/greedy (g) to convince/to persuade (h) the king of Scotland (i) to kill (j) taking/carrying
28. Mother is an (a) —— (Use an adjective phrase to pre-modify the noun) blessing in the world. Mothers day is a (b) —— (Use an intensifier to pre-modify the adjective) significant day observed as a (c) —— (Use an adjective to pre-modify the noun) occasion in honour of mothers. The day was for the first time, announced as a formal holiday in the United States of America. Mothers’ day is now observed (d) —— (Use an adverbial phrase to pre-modify the verb) as elsewhere around the world. The sons and daughters (e) —— (Use an adverb to pre-modify the verb) wait for this day. They buy some special presents for their (f) —— (Use a superlative degree to premodify the noun) mother. When they offer the presents, the mother becomes very happy. It brings a (g) —— (Use an adverb to pre-modify the noun) happiness between a mother and (h) —— (Use a possessive to pre-modify the noun) children. The bond of relationship between mother and children becomes everlasting. The mother (i) —— (Use an adverb to pre-modify the verb) draws her children with her motherly affection. In this way, we pay a (j) —— (Use a participle to pre-modify the noun) tribute to our dear mothers.
29. Nelson Mandela (a) —— (post-modify the noun with appositive), is one of the greatest leaders of the world, no doubt. During (b) —— (use article to pre-modify the noun) time of Mandela, the Europeans were separated from the non-Europeans. It was (c) —— (use noun-adjective to premodify the noun) policy of racial segregation. The blacks were subjected to (d) —— (use quantifier to pre-modify the noun) sorts of indignities. They were denied all basic (e) —— (use adjective to pre-modify the noun) rights. They were in fact aliens in (f) —— (use possessive) own country. The blacks were also treated (g) —— (use adverb to post-modify the verb). Even dogs received a much better treatment than the blacks. The (h) —— (use an adjective to pre-modify the noun) leader vowed to put an end to the inhuman practice. Unfortunately, (i) —— (use demonstrative to pre-modify the noun) great man thrown behind the prison bars. But the oppressive rulers could not break his spirit. All his life he struggled against apartheid. Eventually, the great leader fulfilled the goal of liberating (j) —— (use possessive to pre-modify the noun) people.
30. Newspaper plays a very (a) —— (pre-modify the noun) role in modern civilization. It publishes news and views of home and abroad. Only (b) —— (pre-modify the noun) knowledge is not enough in this competitive world. A newspaper helps a man (c) —— (post-modify the verb with infinitive) his general knowledge. Besides academic books, one should read newspapers (d) —— (post-modify the verb). Newspaper helps one (e) —— (post-modify the verb with an infinitive) the facts of the world. (f) —— (pre-modify the verb with a present participle phrase) regularly, one can be aware of everything. There are (g) —— (pre-modify the noun) kinds of newspapers. One should select the newspaper (h) —— (post-modify the verb). One should choose the (i) —— (premodify the noun) paper because many newspapers present news partially. Whatever the paper is, it (j) —— (pre-modify the verb) helps a man.
31. The newspaper, (a) —— (post-modify the noun with an appositive), is a printed record of current event. It gives us (b) —— (use determiner to pre-modify the noun phrase) the important news of home and abroad. In a word, the newspaper is like (c) —— (use article to pre-modify the noun) “mirror” of the world. The newspaper was first introduced in China. The “Indian Gazette” was the (d) —— (use determiner to pre-modify the noun phrase) newspaper of the subcontinent. “The Samachar Darpon” was the first (e) —— (use a noun adjective to pre-modify the noun) newspaper. A newspaper is (f) —— (use an adverb to pre-modify the adjective) useful to us. We cannot think of (g) —— (use possessive to pre-modify the noun) morning without it. (h) —— (use an adjective to pre-modify the noun) people have different tastes. So, a newspaper supplies us with (i) —— (use determiner to pre-modify the noun phrase) sorts of news, for example, business, games and sports, entertainment, literature etc. It keeps us well-informed and makes us intelligent. So, we all should read newspapers (j) —— (post-modify the verb with adverb).
32. In every country (a) —— (use post-modify noun), mothers and grandmothers tell (b) —— (use pre-modify noun) children stories. Bangladesh is no exception, I remember (c) —— (pre-modify noun) we, children, would surround our grandmother, and she would tell us tales. (d) —— (use pre-modify verb) she would tell tiger or bear stories; at other times, she would tell stories about jackals, (e) —— (use post-modify noun). These stories are told in every home in Bangladesh. So, sit back (f) —— (use modify verb) and enjoy the story of the (g) —— (use pre-modify noun) tiger: (h) —— (use pre-modify verb), in a country not far away, a famous maharaja lived. He was (i) — (use post-modify subject) because of his (j) —— (use pre-modify noun) hobbies; he gathered and raised unusual breeds of animals.
about:blank
33. Education is the process of developing our body, mind and soul through (a) —— (pre-modify the noun) learning. Its necessity cannot be described (b) —— (post-modify the verb). It is one of the (c) —— (pre-modify the noun) needs of a human being. It is essential for any kind of development. It is such a process by which our physical and (d) —— (pre-modify the noun) faculties are developed in (e) —— (pre-modify the noun with a determiner) balanced way. So, education is called the backbone of a nation. A body cannot stand (f) —— (post-modify the verb) without a backbone. Similarly, a nation cannot prosper without education. Education are of (g) —— (pre-modify the noun) kinds — formal education and informal education. (h) —— (premodify the noun) type of education is necessary for (i) —— (pre-modify the noun) development of body, mind and soul. The aim of education is to prepare enlightened individuals with (j) —— (pre-modify the noun) outlook, refined sensibility and a mind free from superstitions.
34. Once upon a time, a (a) —— (use an adjective to pre-modify the noun) fox was roaming in search of food (b) —— (post-modify the verb with adverbial). He looked, but could not find anything (c) —— (use an infinitive phrase to post-modify the verb). He was feeling very weak and tired due to hunger. (d) —— (pre-modify the verb with an adverb) he saw a garden at a distance. He went there without (e) —— (use determiner to pre-modify the noun) delay. In the garden, the fox saw (f) —— (use article to pre-modify the noun) number of grapevines laden with bunch of grapes. (g) —— (use a demonstrative to pre-modify the noun phrase) grapes looked quite ripe and juicy. The fox looked at the grapes with longing eyes and licked (h) —— (use possessive to pre-modify the noun) chops. The grapes were in a place too high for him. The fox tried (i) —— (post-modify the verb with adverbial). But he failed (j) —— (use an infinitive phrase to post-modify the verb). Therefore, he walked away in despair.
35. Education, (a) —— (use post-modifier as apposition), is considered to be the backbone of a nation. So, the level of (b) —— (use pre-modify noun) development of a country can be determined only from the standard of its education. If a country can provide (c) —— (use premodify noun) people with a modern and (d) —— (use pre-modify noun) curriculum of education, it will be able to achieve (e) —— (use pre-modify noun) developments in all sectors of (f) —— (use pre-modify noun) concerns. But unfortunately Bangladesh can’t still have ensured (g) —— (use pre-modify noun) educations for its (h) —— (use pre-modify noun) young generations. Scholars and intellectuals, (i) —— (use post-modify noun) think that there are many lacking, peculiarities and incongruities in our national (j) —— (use pre-modify noun) curriculum of all stages and disciplines, for which our education can’t step up in equal measures with that of other countries.
36. Mr Alom, (a) —— (use an appositive), usually goes for a (b) —— (use a noun adjective) walk everyday. One day while walking, he saw a man (c) —— (use a participle to post-modify the noun) senseless (d) —— (use prepositional phrase to post-modify the verb). He (e) —— (premodify the verb) went nearer to the man and tried (f) —— (use infinitive phrase to post-modify the verb). But the man did not respond. Mr Alom became (g) —— (use an intensifier) afraid of the unwanted situation. He thought for a while and (h) —— (use an ordinal number) phoned one of his friends, who was a (i) ——(use a noun adjective) officer. The officer came with a police pick-up and took the man to the (j) —— (pre-modify the noun) hospital.
about:blank
37. Mobile phone has added a new dimension into our communication system. It has made the world closer to us. (a) ——, it has made worldwide communication easier. We use it for our day- to- day communication. (b) ——, it has been a part and parcel in our life as we cannot go for a single day without using it. We use it for rapid communication. (c) —— mobile phone is not free from defect. It has some negative sides as well. (d) ——, excessive use of mobile phone may cause our hearing problem. (e) ——, it is a means of money wastage. (f) ——, it is seen that many underground crimes are being done with the use of mobile network. (g) ——, the radiation from mobile phone may cause cancer to the users. (h) ——, we are aware of these harmful effects. (i) ——, we are not aware of using the mobile phone. (j) ——, we must have to be conscious about the negative impact of mobile phone and accordingly, we should use it carefully.
38. Obesity is (a) —— (use determiner to pre-modify the noun phrase) medical condition in which (b) —— (pre-modify the noun) body fat has accumulated to the extent that it may have a (c) —— (pre-modify the noun) effect on health. People are considered obese when (d) —— (use possessive to pre-modify the noun phrase) body mass index, a measurement (e) —— (post-modify the noun phrase) by dividing a person’s weight by the square of the person’s height, exceeds 30 Kg. Obesity increases the likelihood of (f) —— (pre-modify the noun) diseases, particularly (g) —— (use noun to premodify the noun) disease, diabetes, (h) —— (pre-modify the noun phrase) sleep apnea, certain types of cancer and osteoarthritis. Obesity is most commonly caused by a combination of excessive food energy intake, lack of various activity, and (i) —— (pre-modify the noun) susceptibility, although a few cases are caused (j) —— (post-modify the verb) by genes, endocrine disorders, medications or psychiatric illness.
39. Female education is (a) ——(use an intensifier to pre-modify the adjective) essential for the overall development of a nation. (b) ——(use a participle to pre-modify), no nation can prosper. But most of the women are lagging (c) ——(post-modify the noun) in education. Without female education, our (d) —— (pre-modify the noun) development is not possible. Women need to be educated for (e) ——(pre-modify the noun) reasons. To be a conscious citizen of the country, to be an active member of the family and society, to be a good mother or wife and to lead a selfreliant better life, a woman should be educated (f) ——(post-modify the verb). An (g) ——(premodify the noun) woman is conscious of her duties, rights and responsibilities. So, we should take every necessary step (h) ——(use an infinitive phrase to post-modify the verb) our female force. An educated woman can bring up her children (i) ——(post-modify the verb). Napoleon says “Give me an educated mother, and I will give you an (j) ——nation. (pre-modify the noun) ——nation.”
40. Robert Bruce, (a) —— (post-modify the noun with an appositive), fought (b) ——(use quantifier to pre-modify the noun) battles against King Edward I of England. But (c) ——(use an adverb to pre-modify the verb) he was defeated in (d) ——(use determiner to-modify the noun) battle. While the pensive king was thinking about (e) ——(use possessive to pre-modify the noun phrase) unfortunate condition lying in a cave, he saw a spider. The spider was working with (f) ——(use article to pre-modify the noun) goal. The goal was to reach the ceiling and (g) ——(use a demonstrative to pre-modify the noun) task was not easy for the little creature. It fell down (h) ——(use an adverbial to post-modify the verb), but did not give up and, eventually, it succeeded at its seventh attempt. The perseverance of the spider encouraged Robert Bruce; he fought again (i) ——(use an infinitive phrase to post-modify the verb) and this time he defeated (j) —— (use article to pre-modify the noun) English army and secured the independence of Scotland.
about:blank
41. Once a tiger was (a) ——(use intensifier to pre-modify the adjective) hungry. He was looking for (b) ——(pre-modify the noun) animals to eat. But he failed (c) ——(use infinitive phrase to post modify the verb). Then he met a (d) ——(pre-modify the noun) fox. And (e) ——(use a demonstrative to pre-modify the noun) fox was also hungry. The fox told him that he had seen a (f) ——(pre-modify the noun) deer nearby the fox then brought the deer to the tiger which was delighted (g) ——(use infinitive phrase to post-modify the verb) an evil plan to teach the tiger a good lesson. However, the tiger forwarded (i) ——(use infinitive phrase to post-modify the verb). (j) ——(use a participle to pre-modify the verb) satisfied a farmer set a trap to kill the tiger as it hunted its lambs a few days ago.
42. Bangladesh is a (a) ——(pre-modify the noun) country. Though it is a small country, it has a (b) ——(pre-modify the noun) population. It gained independence (c) ——(post-modify the verb). (d) ——(pre-modify the verb with a present participle) for nine months, we achieved our freedom. About three (e) —— (pre-modify the noun with a noun adjective) people were killed in the war. They sacrificed their lives (f) ——(post-modify the verb with an infinitive) freedom. We should not forget (g) ——(pre-modify the noun with a possessive) contribution. Now we are progressing (h) ——(post-modify the verb). Now we are able (i) ——(post-modify the adjective with an infinitive) our problems. Our people will see (j) ——(pre-modify the noun) days soon.
43. Deforestation means cutting down of trees (a) ——(post-modify the verb). To meet up the basic needs of food and housing, trees are being cut in a large scale and thus it causes (b) ——(premodify the noun) imbalance. Besides, there are some dishonest people who cut trees in our forest (c) ——(use an infinitive phrase to post-modify the verb) money. Due to deforestation carbon dioxide is increasing (d) ——(post-modify the verb). The (e) ——(use a noun adjective to pre modify the noun) level is rising and many parts of the world are going to be engulfed by the sea in near future. New areas of the world are (f) ——(use a participle to pre-modify the verb) turned into desert as a result of deforestation. (g) ——(use a participle to pre-modify the noun) trees in such an indiscriminate rate will be hazardous for our future existence. If we destory trees (h) ——(use an adverbial phrase to post-modify the verb), one day the country will turn into a great desert. The (i) ——(use a participle to pre-modify them noun) temperature will cause greenhouse effect. Necessary measures should be taken (j) ——(use an infinitive phrase to postmodify the verb).
44. A marriage ceremony is a (a) ——(Pre-modify the noun) occasion that everyone enjoys in the hope of continuing human race. Usually it takes place at the residence of the bride’s father on a (b) ——(Pre-modify the adjective) agreed day. The bridegroom’s party arrives (c) ——(Post-modify the verb) in time in their best dresses. The people of the bride (d) ——(Pre-modify the verb) receive him. Then the (e) —— (Pre-modify the noun) ceremony begins (f) ——(post-modify the verb) in a decorated room. A (g) ——(use noun adjective to pre-modify the noun) registrar makes a document for the registration of the marriage. The bride and bridegroom then perform some (h) ——(Pre-modify the noun) rites in a solemn way. A (i) ——(Pre-modify the noun) feast follows. At the time of departure, the bride starts weeping. At this her parents also weep. Thus, the happy ceremony ends with a (j) ——(Pre-modify the noun) sense of separation.
Advertisements
about:blank
REPORT THIS AD
45. Amerigo, (a) ——(use noun in apposition) lives alone. His parents now live separate and no one of them wants (b) ——(use infinitive to post-modify the verb) his responsibility. (c) (use possessive to pre-modify the noun) mother told him to go away because she is married to another man. (d) ——(use determiner to pre-modify the noun) streets are now his home. He wanted (e) ——(use adjective to pre-modify the noun) money from his father to buy a (f) ——(use noun adjective to pre-modify the noun) ticket. But his father didn’t answer. He earns his living by working hard. (g) ——(use adverbial to pre-modify the verb) he finds work. Some of (h) —— (use demonstrative to premodify the noun) works are very risky for him. Once he sold ice-cream (i) ——(use prepositional phrase to post-modify the verb). But he got (j) ——(use quantifier to pre-modify the noun) money in return from the owner of ice-cream.
46. Unity maximizes strength of a (a) ——(pre-modify the noun) existence whether it is a family or anation. It is (b) ——(use an intensifier to pre-modify the adjective) essential (c) ——(use infinitive to post-modify the verb) the problems of life. The idea is (d) —— (pre-modify the verb) illustrated in the story of an (e) ——(pre-modify the noun) man and his (f) ——(pre-modify the noun) sons. Before his death, the old man gave a bundle of sticks to his sons and asked them (g) ——(use infinitive phrase to post-modify the verb). None of the sons could break it. Then he untied the bundle and distributed each of the sticks among his sons. He (h) ——(pre-modify the verb) asked them to break the stick which they could do (i) ——(post-modify the verb). Thus, he taught them that unity is strength. As long as they would remain united, none could harm them. This is (j) ——(pre-modify the adjective) true in case of a society or a nation.
47. Tokai is a (a) ————(Use an adjective to pre-modify the noun) Bangla word. It means one (b) — ———(Use an adjective clause to post-modify the pronoun). He is a boy of the street (c) ———— (Use a participle to pre-modify the noun) no home and hearth. He has no definite place of residence. Usually he has no parents or relatives, nor has he any definite means of livelihood. He leads a (d) ————(Use an intensifier to pre-modify the adjective) dirty and unhygienic life. He puts on rags and (e) ————(Use an participle phrase to pre-modify the noun) clothes. He looks dirty in torn and patched up clothes. Bad smell comes from (f) ————(Use possessive to pre-modify the noun) body and dress. He roams about in the streets (g) ————(Use a participle phrase to pre-modify the noun) torn papers and clothes, wood and other refuses. He earns his livelihood (h) ————(Use a gerund phrase to post-modify the verb). Sometimes, a number of tokais gather together and play about in the streets. Tokais pass their night on the verandahs of shops, pavement of streets or railway platforms. If he can save money, he goes to the cinema hall (i) ————(Use an infinitive to pre-modify the noun) a film. This is the way of their life (j) ————(Use an adjective clause to post-modify the noun).
48. I had to witness a very (a) ——(pre-modify the noun) street accident yesterday. Ruma, (b) —— (post-modify the noun with an appositive), also witnessed the accident. We were walking (c) —— (post-modify the verb) along the right side of the road. A jeep was coming with a great speed from the (d) ——(pre-modify the noun) direction. A pedestrian was crossing the road. He was an (e) ——(pre-modify the noun) man and slower than usual. The jeep could not control (f) ——(premodify the noun with possessive case) speed and ran over the old man. To (g) ——(use a possessive case again as a pre-modifier) horror we saw that the man became a lump of flesh after the accident had taken place. We went to the (h) ——(use a noun as a pre-modifier) station to file a case against the driver as he was driving the car (i) ——(post-modify the verb). The officer-in-change thanked us for our (j) ——(pre-modify the noun) acts.
about:blank
49. Rabindranath Tagore, (a) ——(post-modify the noun with appositive), was born in 1861 in a (b) ——(pre-modify the noun) family at Jorasanko in Kolkata. He was (c) ——(use determiner to pre-modify the noun) fourteenth child of Devendranath and Sarada Tagore. He went to school (d) ——(post-modify the verb) and wrote his (e) ——(use determiner to pre-modify the noun) verse at the age of eight. At the age of seventeen, in 1878, he reached London to attend school. He gathered much experience from his stay (f) ——(post-modify the verb with prepositional phrase). (g) ——(use a demonstrative to pre-modify the noun) had a lasting effect on his later life. In 1880 he returned home without (h) — (use determiner to pre-modify the noun) qualifications of distinction. However, he never gave up (i) ——(use possessive to pre-modify the noun) habit of writing poetry. He was awarded the Nobel Prize in 1913 for his Gitanjali, (postmodify the noun with an appositive) I can remember a memorable incident that happened (a) ——(post-modify the verb). It was a (b) ——(use a noun adjective to pre-modify the noun) holiday. Our college was closed. So I decided to go for a walk in the countryside. My cousin, (c) ——(post-modify the noun with an appositive), was with me. We went past a river. It was not (d) ——(post-modify the noun) river. But it was (e) ——(use an intensifier to pre-modify the adjective) beautiful. We saw many small boats (f) ——(use participle phrase to post-modify the noun). Then we came across a (g) ——(use a noun adjective to pre-modify the noun) line. Suddenly we saw a train coming from the eastern side. The train was (h) ——(post-modify the noun) and many people were hanging. The train (i) ——(use a prepositional phrase to post-modify the noun) disappeared very quickly. We became very thrilled (j) ——(use an infinitive phrase to post-modify the verb). We had not seen a train from so close distance before.
50. Nelson Mandela (a) —— (post-modify the noun with appositive), is one of the greatest leaders of the world, no doubt. During (b) —— (use article to pre-modify the noun) time of Mandela, the Europeans were separated from the non-Europeans. It was (c) —— (use noun-adjective to premodify the noun) policy of racial segregation. The blacks were subjected to (d) —— (use quantifier to pre-modify the noun) sorts of indignities. They were denied all basic (e) —— (use adjective to pre-modify the noun) rights. They were in fact aliens in (f) —— (use possessive) own country. The blacks were also treated (g) —— (use adverb to post-modify the verb). Even dogs received a much better treatment than the blacks. The (h) —— (use an adjective to pre-modify the noun) leader vowed to put an end to the inhuman practice. Unfortunately, (i) —— (use demonstrative to pre-modify the noun) great man thrown behind the prison bars. But the oppressive rulers could not break his spirit. All his life he struggled against apartheid. Eventually, the great leader fulfilled the goal of liberating (j) —— (use possessive to pre-modify the noun) people.
51. Newspaper plays a very (a) —— (pre-modify the noun) role in modern civilization. It publishes news and views of home and abroad. Only (b) —— (pre-modify the noun) knowledge is not enough in this competitive world. A newspaper helps a man (c) —— (post-modify the verb with infinitive) his general knowledge. Besides academic books, one should read newspapers (d) —— (post-modify the verb). Newspaper helps one (e) —— (post-modify the verb with an infinitive) the facts of the world. (f) —— (pre-modify the verb with a present participle phrase) regularly, one can be aware of everything. There are (g) —— (pre-modify the noun) kinds of newspapers. One should select the newspaper (h) —— (post-modify the verb). One should choose the (i) —— (premodify the noun) paper because many newspapers present news partially. Whatever the paper is, it (j) —— (pre-modify the verb) helps a man.
52. The newspaper, (a) —— (post-modify the noun with an appositive), is a printed record of current event. It gives us (b) —— (use determiner to pre-modify the noun phrase) the important news of home and abroad. In a word, the newspaper is like (c) —— (use article to pre-modify the noun) “mirror” of the world. The newspaper was first introduced in China. The “Indian Gazette” was the (d) —— (use determiner to pre-modify the noun phrase) newspaper of the subcontinent. “The Samachar Darpon” was the first (e) —— (use a noun adjective to pre-modify the noun) newspaper. A newspaper is (f) —— (use an adverb to pre-modify the adjective) useful to us. We cannot think of (g) —— (use possessive to pre-modify the noun) morning without it. (h) —— (use an adjective to pre-modify the noun) people have different tastes. So, a newspaper supplies us with (i) —— (use determiner to pre-modify the noun phrase) sorts of news, for example, business, games and sports, entertainment, literature etc. It keeps us well-informed and makes us intelligent. So, we all should read newspapers (j) —— (post-modify the verb with adverb).
53. In every country (a) —— (use post-modify noun), mothers and grandmothers tell (b) —— (use pre-modify noun) children stories. Bangladesh is no exception, I remember (c) —— (pre-modify noun) we, children, would surround our grandmother, and she would tell us tales. (d) —— (use pre-modify verb) she would tell tiger or bear stories; at other times, she would tell stories about jackals, (e) —— (use post-modify noun). These stories are told in every home in Bangladesh. So, sit back (f) —— (use modify verb) and enjoy the story of the (g) —— (use pre-modify noun) tiger: (h) —— (use pre-modify verb), in a country not far away, a famous maharaja lived. He was (i) —— (use post-modify subject) because of his (j) —— (use pre-modify noun) hobbies; he gathered and raised unusual breeds of animals.
54. Education is the process of developing our body, mind and soul through (a) —— (pre-modify the noun) learning. Its necessity cannot be described (b) —— (post-modify the verb). It is one of the (c) —— (pre-modify the noun) needs of a human being. It is essential for any kind of development. It is such a process by which our physical and (d) —— (pre-modify the noun) faculties are developed in (e) —— (pre-modify the noun with a determiner) balanced way. So, education is called the backbone of a nation. A body cannot stand (f) —— (post-modify the verb) without a backbone. Similarly, a nation cannot prosper without education. Education are of (g) —— (pre-modify the noun) kinds — formal education and informal education. (h) —— (premodify the noun) type of education is necessary for (i) —— (pre-modify the noun) development of body, mind and soul. The aim of education is to prepare enlightened individuals with (j) —— (pre-modify the noun) outlook, refined sensibility and a mind free from superstitions.
55. Last month I went (a) —— (post-modify the verb with an intransitive) Mirzapur Cadet College by bus. (b) —— (pre-modify the verb with a present participle phrase) in the morning, I had breakfast (c) —— (post-modify the adverb with another adverb) hurriedly and got myself dressed. Then I went to Kadamtoli (d) —— (pre-modify the noun with a nounadjective) terminal. I waited there for a few minutes. Then as I found my bus (e) —— (post-modify the noun with a present participle) the terminal, I walked (f) —— (post-modify the verb) to get into it.
56. Once upon a time, a (a) —— (use an adjective to pre-modify the noun) fox was roaming in search of food (b) —— (post-modify the verb with adverbial). He looked, but could not find anything (c) —— (use an infinitive phrase to post-modify the verb). He was feeling very weak and tired due to hunger. (d) —— (pre-modify the verb with an adverb) he saw a garden at a distance. He went there without (e) —— (use determiner to pre-modify the noun) delay. In the garden, the fox saw (f) —— (use article to pre-modify the noun) number of grapevines laden with bunch of grapes. (g) —— (use a demonstrative to pre-modify the noun phrase) grapes looked quite ripe and juicy. The fox looked at the grapes with longing eyes and licked (h) —— (use possessive to pre-modify the noun) chops. The grapes were in a place too high for him. The fox tried (i) —— (post-modify the verb with adverbial). But he failed (j) —— (use an infinitive phrase to post-modify the verb). Therefore, he walked away in despair.
57. Education, (a) —— (use post-modifier as apposition), is considered to be the backbone of a nation. So, the level of (b) —— (use pre-modify noun) development of a country can be determined only from the standard of its education. If a country can provide (c) —— (use premodify noun) people with a modern and (d) —— (use pre-modify noun) curriculum of education, it will be able to achieve (e) —— (use pre-modify noun) developments in all sectors of (f) —— (use pre-modify noun) concerns. But unfortunately Bangladesh can’t still have ensured (g) —— (use pre-modify noun) educations for its (h) —— (use pre-modify noun) young generations. Scholars and intellectuals, (i) —— (use post-modify noun) think that there are many lacking, peculiarities and incongruities in our national (j) —— (use pre-modify noun) curriculum of all stages and disciplines, for which our education can’t step up in equal measures with that of other countries.
58. Mr Alom, (a) —— (use an appositive), usually goes for a (b) —— (use a noun adjective) walk everyday. One day while walking, he saw a man (c) —— (use a participle to post-modify the noun) senseless (d) —— (use prepositional phrase to post-modify the verb). He (e) —— (premodify the verb) went nearer to the man and tried (f) —— (use infinitive phrase to post-modify the verb). But the man did not respond. Mr Alom became (g) —— (use an intensifier) afraid of the unwanted situation. He thought for a while and (h) —— (use an ordinal number) phoned one of his friends, who was a (i) ——(use a noun adjective) officer. The officer came with a police pick-up and took the man to the (j) —— (pre-modify the noun) hospital.
59. Obesity is (a) —— (use determiner to pre-modify the noun phrase) medical condition in which (b) —— (pre-modify the noun) body fat has accumulated to the extent that it may have a (c) —— (pre-modify the noun) effect on health. People are considered obese when (d) —— (use possessive to pre-modify the noun phrase) body mass index, a measurement (e) —— (post-modify the noun phrase) by dividing a person’s weight by the square of the person’s height, exceeds 30 Kg. Obesity increases the likelihood of (f) —— (pre-modify the noun) diseases, particularly (g) —— (use noun to premodify the noun) disease, diabetes, (h) —— (pre-modify the noun phrase) sleep apnea, certain types of cancer and osteoarthritis. Obesity is most commonly caused by a combination of excessive food energy intake, lack of various activity, and (i) —— (pre-modify the noun) susceptibility, although a few cases are caused (j) —— (post-modify the verb) by genes, endocrine disorders, medications or psychiatric illness.
60. Female education is (a) ——(use an intensifier to pre-modify the adjective) essential for the overall development of a nation. (b) ——(use a participle to pre-modify), no nation can prosper. But most of the women are lagging (c) ——(post-modify the noun) in education. Without female education, our (d) —— (pre-modify the noun) development is not possible. Women need to be educated for (e) ——(pre-modify the noun) reasons. To be a conscious citizen of the country, to be an active member of the family and society, to be a good mother or wife and to lead a selfreliant better life, a woman should be educated (f) ——(post-modify the verb). An (g) ——(premodify the noun) woman is conscious of her duties, rights and responsibilities. So, we should take every necessary step (h) ——(use an infinitive phrase to post-modify the verb) our female force. An educated woman can bring up her children (i) ——(post-modify the verb). Napoleon says “Give me an educated mother, and I will give you an (j) ——nation. (pre-modify the noun) ——nation.”
61. Robert Bruce, (a) —— (post-modify the noun with an appositive), fought (b) ——(use quantifier to pre-modify the noun) battles against King Edward I of England. But (c) ——(use an adverb to pre-modify the verb) he was defeated in (d) ——(use determiner to-modify the noun) battle. While the pensive king was thinking about (e) ——(use possessive to pre-modify the noun phrase) unfortunate condition lying in a cave, he saw a spider. The spider was working with (f) ——(use article to pre-modify the noun) goal. The goal was to reach the ceiling and (g) ——(use a demonstrative to pre-modify the noun) task was not easy for the little creature. It fell down (h) ——(use an adverbial to post-modify the verb), but did not give up and, eventually, it succeeded at its seventh attempt. The perseverance of the spider encouraged Robert Bruce; he fought again (i) ——(use an infinitive phrase to post-modify the verb) and this time he defeated (j) —— (use article to pre-modify the noun) English army and secured the independence of Scotland.
62. Once a tiger was (a) ——(use intensifier to pre-modify the adjective) hungry. He was looking for (b) ——(pre-modify the noun) animals to eat. But he failed (c) ——(use infinitive phrase to postmodify the verb). Then he met a (d) ——(pre-modify the noun) fox. And (e) ——(use a demonstrative to pre-modify the noun) fox was also hungry. The fox told him that he had seen a (f) ——(pre-modify the noun) deer nearby the fox then brought the deer to the tiger which was delighted (g) ——(use infinitive phrase to post-modify the verb) an evil plan to teach the tiger a good lesson. However, the tiger forwarded (i) ——(use infinitive phrase to post-modify the verb). (j) ——(use a participle to pre-modify the verb) satisfied a farmer set a trap to kill the tiger as it hunted its lambs a few days ago.
63. Bangladesh is a (a) ——(pre-modify the noun) country. Though it is a small country, it has a (b) ——(pre-modify the noun) population. It gained independence (c) ——(post-modify the verb). (d) ——(pre-modify the verb with a present participle) for nine months, we achieved our freedom. About three (e) —— (pre-modify the noun with a noun adjective) people were killed in the war. They sacrificed their lives (f) ——(post-modify the verb with an infinitive) freedom. We should not forget (g) ——(pre-modify the noun with a possessive) contribution. Now we are progressing (h) ——(post-modify the verb). Now we are able (i) ——(post-modify the adjective with an infinitive) our problems. Our people will see (j) ——(pre-modify the noun) days soon.
64. Deforestation means cutting down of trees (a) ——(post-modify the verb). To meet up the basic needs of food and housing, trees are being cut in a large scale and thus it causes (b) ——(pre modify the noun) imbalance. Besides, there are some dishonest people who cut trees in our forest (c) ——(use an infinitive phrase to post-modify the verb) money. Due to deforestation carbon dioxide is increasing (d) ——(post-modify the verb). The (e) ——(use a noun adjective to pre-modify the noun) level is rising and many parts of the world are going to be engulfed by the sea in near future. New areas of the world are (f) ——(use a participle to pre-modify the verb) turned into desert as a result of deforestation. (g) ——(use a participle to pre-modify the noun) trees in such an indiscriminate rate will be hazardous for our future existence. If we destroy trees (h) ——(use an adverbial phrase to post-modify the verb), one day the country will turn into a great desert. The (i) ——(use a participle to pre-modify them noun) temperature will cause greenhouse effect. Necessary measures should be taken (j) ——(use an infinitive phrase to post modify the verb).
65. A marriage ceremony is a (a) ——(Pre-modify the noun) occasion that everyone enjoys in the hope of continuing human race. Usually it takes place at the residence of the bride’s father on a (b) ——(Pre-modify the adjective) agreed day. The bridegroom’s party arrives (c) ——(Post-modify the verb) in time in their best dresses. The people of the bride (d) ——(Pre-modify the verb) receive him. Then the (e) —— (Pre-modify the noun) ceremony begins (f) ——(post-modify the verb) in a decorated room. A (g) ——(use noun adjective to pre-modify the noun) registrar makes a document for the registration of the marriage. The bride and bridegroom then perform some (h) ——(Pre-modify the noun) rites in a solemn way. A (i) ——(Pre-modify the noun) feast follows. At the time of departure, the bride starts weeping. At this her parents also weep. Thus, the happy ceremony ends with a (j) ——(Pre-modify the noun) sense of separation.
66. Amerigo, (a) ——(use noun in apposition) lives alone. His parents now live separate and no one of them wants (b) ——(use infinitive to post-modify the verb) his responsibility. (c) (use possessive to pre-modify the noun) mother told him to go away because she is married to another man. (d) ——(use determiner to pre-modify the noun) streets are now his home. He wanted (e) ——(use adjective to pre-modify the noun) money from his father to buy a (f) ——(use noun adjective to pre-modify the noun) ticket. But his father didn’t answer. He earns his living by working hard. (g) ——(use adverbial to pre-modify the verb) he finds work. Some of (h) —— (use demonstrative to premodify the noun) works are very risky for him. Once he sold ice-cream (i) ——(use prepositional phrase to post-modify the verb). But he got (j) ——(use quantifier to pre-modify the noun) money in return from the owner of ice-cream.
67. Unity maximizes strength of a (a) ——(pre-modify the noun) existence whether it is a family or a nation. It is (b) ——(use an intensifier to pre-modify the adjective) essential (c) ——(use infinitive to post-modify the verb) the problems of life. The idea is (d) —— (pre-modify the verb) illustrated in the story of an (e) ——(pre-modify the noun) man and his (f) ——(pre-modify the noun) sons. Before his death, the old man gave a bundle of sticks to his sons and asked them (g) ——(use infinitive phrase to post-modify the verb). None of the sons could break it. Then he untied the bundle and distributed each of the sticks among his sons. He (h) ——(pre-modify the verb) asked them to break the stick which they could do (i) ——(post-modify the verb). Thus, he taught them that unity is strength. As long as they would remain united, none could harm them. This is (j) ——(pre-modify the adjective) true in case of a society or a nation.
68. Tokai is a (a) ————(Use an adjective to pre-modify the noun) Bangla word. It means one (b) — ———(Use an adjective clause to post-modify the pronoun). He is a boy of the street (c) ———— (Use a participle to pre-modify the noun) no home and hearth. He has no definite place of residence. Usually he has no parents or relatives, nor has he any definite means of livelihood. He leads a (d) ————(Use an intensifier to pre-modify the adjective) dirty and unhygienic life. He puts on rags and (e) ————(Use an participle phrase to pre-modify the noun) clothes. He looks dirty in torn and patched up clothes. Bad smell comes from (f) ————(Use possessive to pre-modify the noun) body and dress. He roams about in the streets (g) ————(Use a participle phrase to pre-modify the noun) torn papers and clothes, wood and other refuses. He earns his livelihood (h) ————(Use a gerund phrase to post-modify the verb). Sometimes, a number of tokais gather together and play about in the streets. Tokais pass their night on the verandahs of shops, pavement of streets or railway platforms. If he can save money, he goes to the cinema hall (i) ————(Use an infinitive to pre-modify the noun) a film. This is the way of their life (j) ————(Use an adjective clause to post-modify the noun).
69. I had to witness a very (a) ——(pre-modify the noun) street accident yesterday. Ruma, (b) —— (post-modify the noun with an appositive), also witnessed the accident. We were walking (c) —— (post-modify the verb) along the right side of the road. A jeep was coming with a great speed from the (d) ——(pre-modify the noun) direction. A pedestrian was crossing the road. He was an (e) ——(pre-modify the noun) man and slower than usual. The jeep could not control (f) ——(premodify the noun with possessive case) speed and ran over the old man. To (g) ——(use a possessive case again as a pre-modifier) horror we saw that the man became a lump of flesh after the accident had taken place. We went to the (h) ——(use a noun as a pre-modifier) station to file a case against the driver as he was driving the car (i) ——(post-modify the verb). The officer-in-change thanked us for our (j) ——(pre-modify the noun) acts.
70. Rabindranath Tagore, (a) ——(post-modify the noun with appositive), was born in 1861 in a (b) ——(pre-modify the noun) family at Jorasanko in Kolkata. He was (c) ——(use determiner to pre-modify the noun) fourteenth child of Devendranath and Sarada Tagore. He went to school (d) ——(post-modify the verb) and wrote his (e) ——(use determiner to pre-modify the noun) verse at the age of eight. At the age of seventeen, in 1878, he reached London to attend school. He gathered much experience from his stay (f) ——(post-modify the verb with prepositional phrase). (g) ——(use a demonstrative to pre-modify the noun) had a lasting effect on his later life. In 1880 he returned home without (h) ——(use determiner to pre-modify the noun) qualifications of distinction. However, he never gave up (i) ——(use possessive to pre-modify the noun) habit of writing poetry. He was awarded the Nobel Prize in 1913 for his Gitanjali, (postmodify the noun with an appositive).
71. I have (a) ——– (pre-modify the noun) but Karim is my (b) ——– (pre-modify the noun) friend. He studies in my class. We go to college (c) ——– (post-modify the verb). He is good at studies and help the students (d) ——– (relative clause). He is (e) ——– (intenshier) obedient to his teachers. However, Karim comes of a (f) ——– (adjective to modify the noun) family. His father, (g) ——– (appositive), is really an honourable person (h) ——–(prepositional phrase). He wants his son to become a teacher like him and (i) ——–(possessive pronoun) mother inspires him (j) ——– (infinitive phrase).
72. Bangladesh (a) —— (Post-modify the noun with an appositive), has a huge population. Most people here live below the (b) —— (Use noun adjective to pre-modify the noun) line and can’t therefore afford to educate (c) —— (Use a possessive to pre-modify the noun) children. Many poor children either drop out of school after just a (d) —— (Use a quantifier to pre-modify the noun) years or simply do not go to school at all. Despite this situation, we have far too many students (e) —— (Use infinitive to post-modify the verb) compared to the number of institutions available. Bangladesh needs (f) —— (Use a determiner to premodify the noun) schools, colleges and universities to provide for the (g) —— (Pre-modify the noun with a present participle) number of students. But the government cannot fund the (h) —— (Pre-modify the noun) number of educational institutions. At present every educational institution is over-crowded and class size is (i) —— (Pre-modify the adjective) large. Students do not get a (j) —— (Pre-modify the noun) education for lack of facilities.
73. One day Robert Bruce, (a) —— (post-modify the noun with appositive), was lying in the cave. He was thinking of (b) —— (use possessive to pre-modify the noun) misfortune. He thought that he would not be able (c) —— (use an infinitive phrase to post-modify, the verb). Suddenly, he saw a spider (d) —— (post-modify the verb with a prepositional/an adverbial of place). The spider was trying to reach (e) —— (use determiner to pre-modify the noun) ceiling of the cave. It almost got to the point (f) —— (use quantifier to pre-modify the noun) times, but fell down at the last moment. It did not lose hope. It was trying (g) —— (post-modify the verb with an adverbial). On the seventh attempt it reached the ceiling. Robert Bruce became very much amazed (h) —— (use an infinitive phrase to post-modify the verb) the success of the spider. He felt encouraged and came out of the cave and began to gather soldiers again. He remembered the small spider and prepared (i) —— (postmodify the verb with an adverb) for the battle. He fought hard with the English and (j) —— (use a demonstrative to pre-modify the noun) time, he came out successful. Strong will and perseverance made Robert Bruce the king of Scotland again.
74. The newspaper (a) — (post-modify the noun with an appositive) is a printed record of current event. It gives us (b) — (use determiner to pre-modify the noun phrase) important news of home and abroad. In a word, the newspaper is like (c) — (use article to pre-modify the noun) mirror of the world. The newspaper was first introduced in China. The “Indian Gazette” was the (d) — (use determiner to pre-modify phrase) newspaper of the subcontinent. The Samachar Darpon was first (e) — (use a noun adjective to pre-modify the noun) newspaper. A newspaper is (f) — (use an adverb to modify the adjective) useful to us. We cannot think of (g) — (use possessive to modify the noun) morning without it. (h)— (use an adjective to pre-modify the noun) people have different taste. So, a newspaper supplies us with (i) — (use a determiner to modify the noun) sort of news. We all should read newspaper (j) — (post modifier).
75. A hare was (a) —— (use an intensifier to pre-modify the adjective) popular with the other beasts who all claimed to be her friends. But one day she heard the hounds (b) —— (use participle phrase to post-modify the noun). He hoped to escape them by the aid of her (c) —— (use a noun adjective to pre-modify the noun) friends. So, she went to the horse, and asked him to carry her (d) —— (post-modify the verb) from the hounds on his back. But he declined stating that he had important work to do for his master. She then applied to the bull, and hoped that he would repel the hounds with (e) —— (pre-modify the noun with a possessive pronoun) horns. The bull replied ” I am very sorry, but I have an appointment with a lady; but feel sure that our friend the fox will do (f) —— (post-modify the verb with a clause)”. The fox (g) —— (post-modify the noun with an appositive), however, feared that his back might do her some harm if he took her upon it. Finally he went to the ram who replied : “Another time, my dear friend, I am really unable (h) —— (use an infinitive phrase to post-modify the verb).” (i) —— (use a participle to pre-modify the verb) the hare was shocked and made a conclusion that, “He that has (j) —— (pre-modify the noun) friends, has no friends.”
76. Newspaper plays a very (a) — (pre-modify the noun) role in modern civilization. It publishes news and views of home and abroad. Only (b) — (pre-modify the noun) knowledge is not enough in this competitive world. A newspaper helps a man (c) — (postmodify the verb with infinitive) his general knowledge. Besides academic books, one should read newspapers (d) — (post-modify the verb). Newspaper helps one (e) — (post-modify the verb with an infinitive) the facts of the world. (f) — (pre-modify the verb with a present participle phrase) regularly, one can be aware of everything. There are (g) — (pre-modify the noun) kinds of newspapers. One should select the newspaper (h) — (post-modify the verb). One should choose the (i) — (pre-modify the noun) paper because many newspapers present news partially. Whatever the paper is, it (j) — (pre-modify the verb) helps a man.
77. Health is wealth refers to the importance and value of health. Health is compared to wealth, because a (a) —— (Pre-modify the noun) man can earn money and accumulate wealth. (b) —— (use a prepositional phrase to pre-modify the verb) wealth is valueless. It is health (c) —— (use a relative pronoun to post-modify the noun) can give us bliss and make us (d) —— (use an intensifier to pre-modify the adjective) happy. Health alone can enable us (e) —— (use an infinitive phrase to post-modify the verb). It is also said that a (f) —— (Pre-modify the noun) mind lies is a sound body. A healthy man can work (g) —— (Postmodify the verb) and attain wealth. We might get (h) —— (use a demonstrative to premodify the noun) wealth by following some rules of health. We must rise (i) —— (Postmodify the verb) and take a (j) —— (use a noun adjective to pre-modify the noun) walk. Physical exercise must be taken regularly.
78. It was a hot day of summer, (a) — (post-modify the noun with an appositive). A crow got (b) — (Pre-modify the adjective with an adverb) thirsty. It searched for water (c) — (Post-modify the very with adverbial), but could not find it anywhere. It felt very sad and sat on a (d) —(Use an adjective to pre-modify the noun) breach of a tree. Suddenly, the crow saw a garden at a (e) — (Use determiner to pre-modify the noun) distance. It flew there and within a (f) — (Use quantifier to pre-modify the noun) minutes, it found a pitcher nearby. The crow flew down and sat on (g) — (Use demonstrative to pre-modify the noun phrase) brim of the pitcher. (h) — (Use a demonstrative to pre-modify the noun phrase) pitcher had little water in it. Feeling very happy, it tried to drink the water. But (i) — (use possessive to pre-modify the noun) beak did not reach it. The crow did not lose heart. It tried (j) — (use an infinitive phrase to post-modify the verb) the jar, but it was not strong enough to do that. It was in a fix what to do. Suddenly an idea crossed its mind.
79. Arsenic is a (a) —— (Pre-modify the noun) substance. It is (b) —— (Use an intensifier to pre-modify the adjective) dangerous for human health. (c) —— (Use a demonstrative to premodify the noun) substance is found in the water of the tube well. There are (d) —— (Premodify the noun) villages in our country. Most of our (e) —— (Use a noun adjective to premodify the noun) people drink tube well water. At present they are passing their days (f) –— (Use a participle to pre-modify the verb). (g) ——(Use a participle to pre-modify the verb) people suffer from different kinds of problems. This problem is (h) –— (Pre-modify the verb) found in North Bengal. We should take a serious measure (i) —— (Use an infinitive phrase to post-modify the verb) which produce contaminated water. Government is trying to identify the tube wells (j) –— (Post-modify the verb) red.
80. Farjana (a) —— (post-modify the noun with an appositive), felt extremely happy and excited when she heard that she got GPA-5 in (b) —— (use article to pre-modify the noun) HSC examination. She had shown that one can gain almost anything by dint of (c) —— (use a noun adjective to per-modify the noun) labour and determination. Financial problem could not stand on (d) —— (use possessive to pre-modify the noun) way to success. Her seriousness was (e) —— (use an adverb to pre-modify the adjective) much clear throughout the academic year. She maintained a (f) —— (use a noun-adjective to premodify the noun) plan and never wasted her time (g) —— (post-modify the verb with prepositional phrase/adverbial). Now she has got the reward she deserves. (h) —— (use a demonstrative to pre-modify the noun) result will be an inspiration for her in her future life. Her brilliant result has inspired (i) —— (use determiner of pre-modify the noun) students so much that they have already started reading their lessons more (j) —— (postmodify the verb with an adverb) than before. Farjana is helping other students in the preparation of a perfect study plan.
81. A young girl was crying (a) —— (post-modify the verb). So I went to her (b) —— (use infinitive to post-modify the verb) what happened to her (c) —— (Use present participle to pre-modify the verb) near her, I came to know that she lost (d) —— (use a noun phrase to post-modify the verb). She told me that she had come to the market with her parents. But as the place was (e) —— (pre-modify the adjective with an intensifier) crowded she could not follow them. I felt (f) —— (pre-modify the adjective with an intensifier) sorry for the girl and took her with me (g) —— (pre-modify the verb with a present participle phrase), I gave her food. The girl became happy (h) —— (use an infinitive phrase to post-modify the adjective) and slept soon. Next morning I went to the (i) —— (pre-modify the noun) police station and informed the duty officer about the girl (j) —— (post-modify the noun with a relative pronoun) I got in the market place.
82. Once upon a time a (a) —— (Use an adjective to pre-modify the noun) fox was roaming in search of food (b) —— (Post-modify the verb with adverbial). He looked, but could not find anything (c) —— (Use an infinitive phrase to post-modify the verb). He was feeling very weak and tired due to hunger. (d) —— (Pre-modify the verb with adverb) he saw a garden at a distance. He went there without (e) —— (Use determiner to pre-modify the noun)number of grape vines laden with bunch of grapes. (f) —— (Use a demonstrative to premodify the noun phrase) grapes looked quite ripe and juicy. The fox looked at the grapes with longing eyes and licked (g) —— (Use possessive to pre-modify the noun) chops. The grapes were in a place too high for him. The fox tried (h) —— (Post-modify the verb with adverbial). But he failed (i) —— (Use an infinitive phrase to post-modify the verb). Therefore, he walked away in despair.
83. One day Israt was returning home (a) —— (post-modify the verb) from college. On the way she was a dog (b) —— (use a participle phrase to post-modify a noun). It was barking (c) —— (post-modify the verb). An (d) —— (pre-modify the noun) boy had hit the poor creature with a big stone. It hurt its (e) —— (pre-modify the noun) leg and it was bleeding (f) —— (postmodify the verb). Israt became (g) —— (post-modify the verb) sad. She (h) —— (pre-modify the verb) carried the dog home and nursed the wound. She tied a bandage tightly round the (i) —— (pre-modify the noun) leg. In a week the dog was (j) —— (use an intensifier to pre-modify the adjective) well.
84. Education (a) —— (use appositive to post-modify the noun) is essential for development. We can improve (b) —— (possessive to pre-modify the noun) mind. An (c) —— (adjective to pre-modify the noun) person has the ability (d) —— (infinitive phrase). One can refine one’s sensibility (e) —— (present participle phrase). Actually, the educated are able to bring about (f) —— (pre-modify the noun) development. On the other hand, an (g) —— person (h) —— (adverb to pre-modify the verb) lag behind. So, the educated should come forward (i) —— (prepositional phrase) to educate all in the society to unload (j) —— (use determiner) owes to the country.
85. Most of the people in (a) — (Use possessive to pre-modify the noun) country do not know the importance of English, (b) — (Post-modify the noun with an appositive). In fact, it is an (c) — (Use an adjective to pre-modify the noun) language and we are living in a global village. So, if you know English (d) — (Post-modify the verb with an adverb), you can communicate with (e) — (Use article to pre-modify the noun phrase) rest of the world. It is surely an important element of your (f) — (Use a noun adjective to pre-modify the noun) skill. Without the knowledge of English, you cannot complete (g) — (Use possessive to premodify the noun) higher studies because most of the books are written in English. Poor knowledge of English will also hamper your (h) — (Use a noun adjective to pre-modify the noun) development. In short, if you do not have a good command over English, you will suffer (i) — (Post-modify the verb with prepositional phrase/adverbial) of your life. So, don’t waste your time and try to learn English (j) — (Post-modify the verb with an adverb) from today.
86. It is said that the other name of (a) —— (use an adjective to pre-modify the noun) water is life. Because by drinking it we quench (b) —— (use possessive to pre-modify the noun) thirst. So, we need pure water (c) —— (post-modify the verb using an infinitive) on the earth. But (d) —— (pre-modify the noun) water is life killing. By drinking contaminated water, we suffer from (e) —— (use quantifier to pre-modify the noun) diseases. We may (f) —— (pre-modify the verb) face (g) —— (pre-modify the noun) death by drinking contaminated water. We are responsible for (h) —— (use noun adjective to pre-modify the noun) pollution. Waste materials from mills and factories are thrown here and there. Besides latrines (i) —— (use present participle to post-modify the noun) on ponds and rivers cause water pollution. So, (j) —— (pre-modify the noun) awareness should be raised to stop water pollution.
87. The Sundarbans, (a) — (use appositive to post modify the noun), is home to nearly 500 Bengal tigers. The forest is being destroyed by erosion, rising sea levels and (b) — (noun-adjective to pre-modify the noun) surges. The Sundarbans forest took the brunt (c) — (post modify the noun). The forest is known for (d) — (use participle to pre-modify the noun) islands but the current retreat (e) — (use adjective phrase to post modify the noun) is not normal. The causes for increasing coastline retreat, other than direct (f) — (use adjective to pre-modify the noun) ones, include increased frequency (g) — (post modify the noun with adjective phrase) and other external natural events and increased salinity. Degradation is happening fast, (h) — (adverbial phrase to post modify the verb). As (i) — (use noun-adjective to pre-modify the noun) development thrives and global temperature continues to rise, the forest is being destroyed (j) — (use adverbial phrase to post modify the verb).