Rules of Flow chart

At first give a title.
Use 6 (six) rectangular/square boxes including the given box.
Boxes can be horizontal or vertical.
Use arrow sign between two boxes.
Use numeric letters serially in each box.
Start points with capital letters.
Start points according to the given box in the question. For example:

Rules	Examples
a. Verb + ing + noun/noun phrase	Enlightening the individual, Broadening our outlook, Ennobling our mind, Refining our sensibility, Learning about a society’s culture
b. By + verb + ing + noun/noun phrase	By increasing popularity of band and pop music, By traveling by the British, By using language and music, By using the tools and objects
c. For + verb + ing + noun/noun Phrase	For having a glorious past, For discharging tannery wastes, For discharging medical wastes, For discharging hospital wastes, For discharging household wastes, For encroaching of the river
d. To + verb + noun/noun phrase	To tame wild animals, To ride on a Tiger, To defeat a crocodile, To protect from wild animals, To hold a snake in his hand, To help people cultivate land
e. Noun + of + noun Phrase	Loss of popularity of entertainment, Source of entertainment, Medium of distance education, Instrument of information, Creation of cultural assault
f. Noun/noun Phrase	Honesty, Integrity, Courage, Responsibility, Graciousness, Gratefulness
g. Verb + Others	Born in 1929, Given a diary in 1942, Spent from 1942 to 1944 in hiding, Wrote diary, Died in 1945, Published the diary in 1947
h. Adverbial/preposition + noun/noun phrase	By proper planning, For higher education

Maintain order.
Writing points precisely avoiding article, adverb etc.
Avoid punctuation at last of each point.

Example

Read the following text and make a flow-chart showing the specialties of Gazi Pir (One is done for you) : 2×5=5
According to some myths and legends, Gazi Pir was a Muslim saint who is said to have spread Islam in the parts of Bengal close to the Sundarbans. He was credited with many miracles. For example, he could supposedly calm dangerous animals and make them docile. He is usually depicted in paats or scroll paintings riding a fierce-looking Bengal tiger, a snake in his hand, but in no apparent danger. According to some stories, he also fought crocodiles who threatened the people of a region full of canals and creeks, indeed, a kind of watery jungle bordering the Bay of Bengal. Because of his alert and vigilant presence, all predatory animals were said to have been kept within bounds. It was also believed that he enabled villagers to live close to forests and jungles and cultivate their lands. Consequently, people of these regions would pray to him for protection. The story of Gazi Pir has been preserved in folk literature as well as art and has been performed in indigenous theatre. In fact, some Gazi paat scrolls are part of the collection of the British Museum.

The Specialties of Gazi Pir
1. Being credited with miracles
2. Could supposedly calm dangerous animal
3. Make the dangerous animal docile
4. Usually depicted in paats or scroll paintings
5. Seen as riding a fierce – looking Bengal tiger and a snake in his hand
6. Fought crocodiles

1. Being credited with miracles

2. Ability to calm dangerous animals and make them docile

3. Having bravery and heroism

4. Daring to fight crocodiles

5. Ability to control all predatory animals

6. Having tendency to help and protect endangered people

Read the following text and make a flow chart showing the causes of the success of Nelson Mandela.

Mandela never lost his resolve to fight for his people’s emancipation. He was determined to bring down apartheid while avoiding a civil war. His prestige and charisma helped him win the support of the world. “I hate race discrimination most intensely and all its manifestations. I have fought it all during my life; I will fight it now, and will do so until the end of my days,” Mandela said in his acceptance speech on becoming South Africa’s first black president in 1994. “The time for the healing of the wounds has come. The moment to bridge the chasms that divide us has come.” “We have, at last, achieved our political emancipation.” In 1993, Mandela was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize, an honor he shared with F.W. de Klerk, the white African leader who had freed him from prison three years earlier and negotiated the end of the apartheid. Mandela went on to play a prominent role on the world stage as an advocate of human dignity in the face of challenges ranging from political repression to AIDS. He formally left public life in June 2004 before his 86th birthday, telling his adoring countrymen: “Don’t call me. I’ll call you.” But he remained one of the world’s most revered public figures, combining celebrity sparkle with an unwavering message of freedom, respect and human rights.

The Causes of Success of Nelson Mandela

Firm determination
Fight for people’s emancipation
Dream of a democrative and free society
Prestige and charisma
Support of the world
Prominent role as an advocate of human dignity

What Mandela did in his whole life/ The struggle of Mandela for multiracial democracy and his achievement

Charged with capital offences
Dedicated himself to struggle
Committed to the fulfillment of the demand of the African people
Fought against domination
Fought against apartheid
Cherished the ideal of democracy

Read the following text and make a flow chart showing the activities and achievements of Nelson Mandela.

Nelson Mandela guided South Africa from the shackles of apartheid to a multi-racial democracy, as an icon of peace and reconciliation who came to embody the struggle for justice around the world. Imprisoned for nearly three decades for his fight against white minority rule, Mandela never lost his resolve to fight for his people’s emancipation. He was determined to bring down apartheid while avoiding a civil war. His prestige and charisma helped him win the support of the world. “I hate race discrimination most intensely and all its manifestations. I have fought it all during my life; I will fight it now, and will do so until the end of my days,” Mandela said in his acceptance speech on becoming South Africa’s first black president in 1994. “The time for the healing of the wounds has come. The moment to bridge the chasms that divide us has come.” “We have, at last, achieved our political emancipation.” In 1993, Mandela was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize, an honor he shared with F.W. de Klerk, the white African leader who had freed him from prison three years earlier and negotiated the end of the apartheid.

The Activities and Achievement of Nelson Mandela

Guided South Africa from the shackles of apartheid to a multi-racial democracy
Embodied the struggle for justice around the world
Fought against white minority
Determined to bring down apartheid
Become the first black president of South Africa
Awarded the Noble prize

The Purposes of Nelson Mandela

To establish multi-racial democracy
To establish justice around the world
To establish human dignity
To establish a democratic and free society
To live together with harmony
To enjoy equal opportunities

Read the following text and make a flow chart showing activities of Tereshkova

Although Tereshkova experienced nausea and physical discomfort for much of the flight, she orbited the earth 48 times and spent almost three days in space. With a single flight, she logged more flight time than the combined times of all American astronauts who had flown before that date. Tereshkova also maintained a flight log and took photographs of the horizon, which were later used to identify aerosol layers within the atmosphere. Vostok-6 was the final Vostok flight and was launched two days after Vostok-5, which carried ValaryBykovsyinto a similar orbit for five days, landing three hours after Tereshkova. The two vessels approached each other within 5 kilometers at one point, and from space Tereshkova communicated with Bykovsky and the Soviet leader Khrushchev by radio.

Activities of Tereshkova

Experienced Nausea and physical discomfort
Orbited the earth 48 times
Spent almost three days in space
Maintained a flight log
Took photographs of the horizon
Communicated with Bykovsky and the Soviet leader Khrushchev by radio

The history of Bengal is the history of a people who have repeatedly made their highways crimson with their blood. We shed blood in 1952; even though we were the victors in the elections of 1954 we could not form a government then. In 1958 Ayub Khan declared Martial Law to enslave us for the next ten years. In 1966 when we launched the six point movement our boys were shot dead on 7 June. When after the movement of 1969 Ayub Khan fell from power and Yahya Khan assumed the reins of the government he declared that he would give us a constitution and restore democracy; we listened to him then. A lot has happened since and elections have taken place.

A flow chart showing the history of Bengal is given below:

History of Bengal

Bloodshed in 1952 for mother language
Winning the election of 1954
Declaration of Martial Law to enslave the Bangalees in 1958
Launching of the six pointmovement in 1966
Boys being shot dead on 07 June
Ayub Khan’s falling from the power in 1969

The background of liberation war/The mentionable incidence from 1952-1970

Blood sheed in 1952
The victors in the elections of 1954
Ayub khan’s martial law declaration in 1952
Launching of the 6 point movement in 1966
Shoot our boys death on 7^th June
Ayub Khan’s falling from power after the movement of 1969

I stand before you today with a heart overflowing with grief. You are fully aware of the events that are going on and understand their import. We have been trying to do our best to cope with the situation. And yet, unfortunately, the streets of Dhaka, Chittagong, Khulna, Rajshahi and Rangpur are awash with the blood of our brothers. The people of Bengal now want to be free, the people of Bengal now want to live, and the people of Bengal now want their rights.

The demands of the people of Bengal

Want to be free
Want to live with their rights
Want to draft a constitution for themselves
Want to build their country a new
Want to get economic, political and cultural freedom
Want to get rid of agony

A flow chart showing the condition of adolescent girls/ Negative effects of early marriage is given below (U-4, L-2)

(i) Dropping out of school

(ii) Beginning full-time work in in-law’s house

(iii) Marginalized in in-law’s house

(iv) Becoming vulnerable to all forms of abuse

(v) Facing dowry-related • violence

(vi) Facing greater health risk in time of pregnancy

(vii) Losing friends

(viii) Losing mobility

(ix) Losing social status

(x) Suffering from malnutrition

(xii) Lacking information about health issues

(xi) Suffering from anemia

(xii) Losing economic opportunities

A flow chart showing how schools for children should be is given below (U-4, L-3)

(i) Having a pleasant environment

(ii) Having a learning-friendly environment

(iii) Allowing children enjoyable time

(iv) Having kind, caring and supportive teachers/ Teachers to be kind, caring and supportive

(v) Speaking no harsh words to children/ No harsh words to be spoken to children

(vi) Using pleasant words to children

(vii) Taking special care of children/ Special care to be taken care of children

(viii) Allowing children much freedom/ Much freedom to be given to children

(ix) Giving children joyful lessons

A flow chart showing the activities of empowerment group is given below: (U-4, L-4)

(i) Providing girls with necessary tools

(ii) Making girls aware of cultural practices

(iii) Advising girls about bad effects of early marriage

(iv) Giving tips on reproductive health

(v) Giving one-on-one counseling

(vi) Offering peer to peer support

(vii) Offering life skill training

(viii) Making adolescents negate early marriage

(ix) Increasing quality health services

(x) Discussing

A flow chart showing important features/benefits of meditation is given below (U-3, L-4)

(i) Relaxing anxieties

(ii) Bringing a state of calmness

(iii) Increasing thinking ability of human brain

(iv) Increasing tireless work ability

(v) Improving blood circulation in the brain

(vi) Improving creativity, self-awareness and tolerance

A flow chart showing how overspending makes one suffer is given below: (U-3, L-5)

(i) Making life stressful

(ii) Leading to financial ruin

(iii) Creating unhappiness with family

(iv) Creating psychological problems

(v) Leading to debt

A flow chart showing why we should spend money is given below: (U-3, L-5)

(i)To buy food

(ii) To buy clothes

(iii) To pay for different services

(iv)To travel to places

(v) To help others in need

(vi) To invest in business

A flow chart showing the features of adolescence is given below (U-4, L-1)

(i) Period in human growth and development

(ii) Occurring after childhood and before adulthood

(iii) Representing one of the critical transitions in one’s life span

(iv)Characterized by fast paced growth and change

(v) Biological processes driving many aspects of growth and development

(vi) Marking passage from childhood to adulthood

(vii) Biological determinants of adolescence being fairly universal

(viii) Having seen many changes over the past century

A flow chart showing the key developments of adolescence is given below: (U-4, L-1)

(i) Physical maturation

(ii) Sexual maturation

(iii) Movement toward social independence

(iv) Movement toward economic independence

(v) Development of identity

(vi) Acquisition of skills

(vii) Capacity for abstract reasoning

(viii) Period of tremendous growth and potential

(ix) Time of considerable risks

(x) Exposition to powerful social influence

A flow chart showing the condition of adolescent girls/ Negative effects of early marriage is given below (U-4, L-2)

(i)Dropping out of school

(ii) Beginning full-time work in in-law’s house

(iii) Marginalized in in-law’s house

(iv) Becoming vulnerable to all forms of abuse

(v) Facing dowry-related violence

(vi) Facing greater health risk in time of pregnancy

(vii). Losing friends

(viii) Ling mobility

(ix) Losing social status

(x) tion about health issues

(xii) Suffering

A flow chart showing the reasons that made the man invent a word-stealing machine is given below: (U-3, L-2)

(i) Being self-centred

(ii) Getting relieved of his apathy

(iii) Earning money

(iv) Considering polite expression extravagant and useful

(v) Gaining complete satisfaction

(vi) Avoiding people in pleasant mood

A flow chart showing the impacts of machine on people is given below: (U-3, L-2)

(i) Driving away words of polite expression

(ii) Bringing huge change in people’s attitude and behaviour

(iii) Becoming rough and tough

(iv) Losing their mental peace

(v) Starting blaming on others

(vi) Becoming selfish

(vii) Doing nothing without interest

A flow chart showing the effects of eating junk food on Purnima is given below: (U-3, L-3)

(i) Gaining weight

(ii) Suffering from stomach upset

(iii) Losing taste for home-made food

(iv) Losing physical fitness

(v) Making her mother anxious

A flow chart showing a list of junk food is given below: (U-3, L-3)

(i) Snack

(ii) Gum

(iii) Candy

(iv) Sugary desserts

(v) Burgers

(vi) Pizza

A flow chart showing the frequent consumption and effects of junk food is given below:

(i) Excess fat

(ii) Simple carbohydrates

(iii) Processed sugar

(iv) Obesity

(v) Cardiovascular disease

(vi) Chronic health problems

A flow chart about junk food is given below: (U-3, L-3)

(i) Processed food

(ii) Appealing and enjoyable

(iii) Having little or no nutritional value

(iv) High in calorie, salt and fats

(v) Causing obesity

(vi) Causing cardiovascular disease

(vii) Affecting brain like addictive drugs

A flow chart showing how meditation can be picked up is given below:

(i) Improved breathing

(ii) Progressive relaxation

(iii) Gradual concentration

(iv) Clearing up mind

(v) Single point focusing

(vi) Mind focusing

A flow chart showing a list of things what a person should avoid while taking is given below:

(U-3, L-1)

(i) To avoid smacking

(ii) To skip chewing

(iii) To avoid making noise

(iv) To avoid taking big bites

(v) To avoid talking to each other

(vi) Not to eat quickly

A flow chart showing table manner one should follow is given below: (U-3, L-1)

(i)To keep quiet

(ii) To stop chewing

(iii) To stop making noise

(iv) To keep mouth shut

(v)To take small bite

A flow chart showing what one should avoid as dining table etiquette is given below: (U-3, L-1)

(i) Making sound noisily

(ii) Chewing loudly

(iii) smacking loudly

(iv) Taking big bite

(v) Keeping mouth always open

(vi) Eating quickly

A flow chart showing highlighting the traits of the strange man is given below: (U-3, L-2)

(i) Bothered to see other’s happiness

(ii) Thinking of his own interest

(iii) Apathetic to people’s polite behaviour

(iv) Greedy and impolite

(v) Inventing machine with an evil plan

(vi) Cautious, scornful and hardworking

A flow chart showing the reasons that made the man invent a word-stealing machine is given below: (U-3, L-2)

(i) Being self-centred

(ii) Getting relieved of his apathy

(iii) Earning money

(iv) Considering polite expression extravagant and useful

(v) Gaining complete satisfaction

(vi) Avoiding people in pleasant mood

A flow chart showing the impacts of machine on people is given below: (U-3, L-2)

(i) Driving away words of polite expression

(ii) Bringing huge change in people’s attitude and behaviour

(iii) Becoming rough and tough

(iv) Losing their mental peace

(v) Starting blaming on others

(vi) Becoming selfish

(vii) Doing nothing without interest chopsticks

(vi) Wearing formal dress for a formal dinner

(vii) Presenting and receiving gifts with both hands

(viii) Refusing a gift initially

(ix) Shaking hands gently

(x) Considering white flowers as symbol of death

(xi) Considering firm handshake as a sign of aggression

(xii) Greeting senior most first and gradually others

A flow chart showing the etiquette and manners of South Africa is given below: (U-3, L-1)

(i) Arriving at host’s house on time

(ii) Offering help to host for preparing the meal

(iii) Serving guest first

(iv) Not to start eating before the oldest man

(v) Not to use left hand in taking food

(vi) Giving gifts on birthdays and at Christmas

(vii) Taking flowers and good quality chocolates to host’s house

(viii) Shaking hands with a smile

(ix) Maintaining eye-contact

A flow chart showing the etiquette and manners of Great Britain is given below: (U-3, L-1)

(i) Waiting for host’s indication to start meals

(ii) Using a knife and fork

(iii) Taking small gifts for the host

(iv) Sending flowers in advance of a dinner party

(v) Opening gifts on receipt

(vi) Considering handshake as most common form of greeting

(vii) Giving kiss to an opposite sex

(viii) Maintaining politeness and decorum

A flow chart showing the life style of Middle East is given below: (U-3, L-1)

(i) Using right hand in taking food

(ii) Using spoons, forks and knives

(iii) Giving gifts to show love, respect and gratitude

(iv) Valuing food, arts and crafts items from other culture

(v) Shaking hand to be considered as a gesture of mutual respect

(vi) Pronouncing salaam as greeting

(vii) Hugging and kissing on the cheeks between same sex people

A flow chart showing manner at a dining which bother people is given below: (U-3, L-1)

(i)chomping

(ii) Slurping

(iii) Burping

(iv) Splattering

(v) Lack of manners

(vi) unusual behaviour

A flow chart showing how a person behave at a formal dining table is given below: (U-3, L-1)

(i)To keep mobile phone on silent mood

(ii) To wait for everyone’s meal

(iii) Not to take a special seat

(iv) To be careful about sitting posture

(v) To ask for help politely

(vi) To approach politely

A flow chart about dream is given below (U-2, L-1))

(i) Involving images and thought

(ii) Filled with joyful emotion

(iii) Filled with frightening images

(iv) Focused and understandable

(v) Clear or confusing

(vi) Extra-ordinary vivid or very vague

(vii) Essential to mental well-being and emotional well-being

A flow chart showing the condition of the Negro is given below: (U-2, L-2)

(i) Still not free

(ii) Sadly crippled by the manacles of segregation

(iii) Crippled by the chains of discrimination

(iv) Languishing in the corners of American society

(v) Staying as an exile in own country

(vi) Suffering from extreme poverty

(vii) Victim of oppression

(viii) Subjected to injustice

(ix) Judged by skin colour

(x) Deprived of basic human rights

(xi) Leading a sub-human life

A flow chart showing different dreams of Martin Luther King is given below: (U-2, L-2)

(i) Ensuring freedom

(ii) Ensuring justice

(iii) Bringing equality for all people

(iv) Removing narrow mentality

(v) Establishing brotherhood

(vii) Judging people on merit

(viii) Removing oppression

(ix) Eliminating racial gap

(x) Removing discrimination

(xi) Eliminating evil mentality

(x) Revealing the glory of God

(xi) Eliminating poverty

A flow chart showing the etiquette and manners in China is given below: (U-3, L-1)

(i) Sitting in a designed place

(ii) Being graceful and polite in taking food with chopsticks

(iii) Making no noise at the time of eating soup

(iv) Not to play with chopsticks

(v) Not to point at anyone with chopsticks

(vi) Wearing formal dress for a formal dinner

(vii) Presenting and receiving gifts with both hands

(viii) Refusing a gift initially

(ix) Shaking hands gently

(x) Considering white flowers as symbol of death

(xi) Considering firm handshake as a sign of aggression

(xii) Greeting senior most first and gradually others

A flow chart showing the etiquette and manners of South Africa is given below

(i) Arriving first

(ii) Offering help to host for preparing the meal

(iii)Not to use left hand in taking

Read the following text and make a flow chart showing the perception of beauty.

Beauty is easy to appreciate but difficult to define. As we look around, we discover beauty in pleasurable objects and sights—in nature, in the laughter of children, in the kindness of strangers. But asked to define, we run into difficulties. Does beauty have an independent objective identity? Is it universal or is it dependent on our sense perceptions? Does it lie in the eye of the beholder? we ask ourselves. A further difficulty arises when beauty manifests itself not only by its presence, but by its absence as well. as when we are repulsed by ugliness and desire beauty. But then ugliness has as much a place in our lives as beauty or may be more—as when there is widespread hunger and injustice in a society. Philosophers have told us that beauty is an important part of life, but isn’t ugliness a part of life too? And if art has beauty as an important ingredient, can it confine itself only to a projection of beauty? Can art ignore what is not beautiful?

Beauty being easy to appreciate
Beauty being difficult to define
Beauty being discovered inpleasurable objects in nature
Beauty prevailing in the laughter of children and in the kindness of strangers
Beauty having an independent objective identity
Beauty being an important part of life with the ugliness as a part of life

Read the following text and make a flow chart showing the conditions of adolescent girls in Bangladesh.

When adolescent girls are pulled out of school, either for marriage or work, they often lose their mobility, their friends and social status. The lack of mobility among adolescent girls also curtails their economic and non-formal educational opportunities. Moreover, they lack information about health issues. According to a study, only about three in five adolescents have even heard of HIV. It is also reported that more than 50 percent of adolescent girls are undernourished and suffer from anaemia. Adolescent fertility is also high in Bangladesh. The contribution of the adolescent fertility rate to the total fertility rate increased from 20.3% in 1993 to 24.4% in 2007. Moreover, neonatal mortality is another concern for younger mothers.

Pulling out of school, either for marriage or work

A flow chart showing the pathetic/pitiable condition of an adolescent bride is given below:

Pathetic/Pitiable Condition of an Adolescent Bride

Drops out of school
Has to work full-time in her in-law’s house
Often marginalized
Faces health risk in times of pregnancy and child birth
Becomes victim of the dowry curse
Vulnerable to all forms of abuse

Read the following text and make a flow chart showing about Gazi Pir and his activities

According to some myths and legends, Gazi Pir was a Muslim saint who is said to have spread Islam in the parts of Bengal close to the Sundarbans. He was credited with many miracles. For example, he could supposedly calm dangerous animals and make them docile. He is usually depicted in paats or scroll paintings riding a fierce-looking Bengal tiger, a snake in his hand, but in no apparent danger. According to some stories, he also fought crocodiles who threatened the people of a region full of canals and creeks, indeed, a kind of watery jungle bordering the Bay of Bengal. Because of his alert and vigilant presence, all predatory animals were said to have been kept within bounds. It was also believed that he enabled villagers to live close to forests and jungles and cultivate their lands. The story of Gazi Pir has been preserved in folk literature as well as art and has been performed in indigenous theatre.

A Muslim Saint

Read the following text and make short note in each of the boxes showing the features of conflict.

Conflict can be described as a disagreement among groups or individuals characterized by antagonism and hostility. This is usually fueled by the opposition of one party to another in an attempt to reach an objective different from that of the other party. The elements involved in the conflict have varied sets of principles and values, thus allowing a conflict to arise.

Conflict can be defined in many ways but one of the simplest is that it pertains to the opposing ideas and actions of different entities, resulting in an antagonistic state. Conflict is an inevitable part of life. All of us possess our own opinions, ideas and sets of beliefs. We have our own ways of looking at things and we act according to what we think is proper. Hence, we often find ourselves in conflict in different scenarios; it may involve other individuals, groups of people, or a struggle within our own selves. Consequently, conflict influences our actions and decisions in one way or another.

Conflict comes naturally; the clashing of thoughts and ideas is a part of the human experience. It is true that it can be destructive if left uncontrolled. However, it shouldn’t be seen as something that can only cause negative things to transpire. It is a way to come up with more meaningful realizations that can certainly be helpful to the individuals involved.

Conflict can be seen as an opportunity for learning and understanding our differences. We can all live harmoniously despite conflicts as long as we know how to responsibly manage these struggles.

A disagreement among groups or individuals

Definition and Characteristics of Conflict

A disagreement among groups or individuals
Characterized by antagonism and hostility
Fueled by the opposition of one party to another
An inevitable part of our life
Destructive if left uncontrolled
Helpful in some cases

Causes and aspects of conflict

Disagreement among parties or individuals fueling conflict
Opposition among parties or individuals fueling conflict
An attempt to reach an objective different from that of the other party giving rise to conflict
The elements of conflict having varied sets of principles and values
Conflict pertaining to opposing ideas and actions of different entities
Conflict leading to antagonistic state

Characteristics of conflict

A disagreement
Opposition among parties or individuals fueling conflict
An attempt to reach an objective different from that of the other party giving right to Conflict
The element of conflict having varied sets of principles and values
Conflict pertaining to opposing ideas and actions of different entities
Conflict leading to antagonistic states

Advantages and disadvantages of conflict

Described as disagreement
Opposition among parties or individuals fueling conflict
An attempt to reach an objective different from that of the other party giving rise conflict
The elements of conflicts having varied sets of principles and values.
Conflict pertaining to opposing ideas and actions of different entities
Conflict being an opportunity for learning and understanding our differences

Read the following text and make a flow chart showing some objects that have influence on craft works.

A craft work is an applied form of art, a social and cultural product reflecting the inclusive nature of folk imagination. A craft work, which usually doesn’t bear the signature of its maker, retains a personal touch. When we look at a thirty year old nakshi kantha, we wonder at its motifs and designs that point to the artistic ingenuity and the presence of the maker in it. The fact that we don’t know her name or any other details about her doesn’t take anything away from our appreciation of the artist. Indeed, the intimate nature of the kantha and the tactile feeling it generates animate the work and make it very inviting. A craft work is shaped by the interaction of individual creativity and community aesthetics, utility functions and human values. It is distinguished by its maker’s desire to locate himself or herself in the wider and and ever-changing cultural aspirations of the community, and subsequently of the market. But even when the market is an important factor, community aesthetics remains the factor determining the form and content of the craft work. The exquisite terracotta dolls from Dinajpur dating back to early 1940s that form a part of the Bangladesh National Museum’s collection were mostly bought from village fairs by some patron. They were no doubt meant to be consumer items, but the dolls reflect community aesthetics in such a manner that the market has not been able to impose its own preferences on them.

Ever changing culture

Factors that influence craftwork

Individual creativity
Community aesthetics
Utility functions
Human values
Distraction by the makers desire
The factor determining the form and content of a craftwork

Based on your reading of the passage, make short notes in each of the boxes in the flow chart showing bravery of Hercules.

Hercules was the son of Jupiter and Alcmena. Eurystheus, the King of Mycenae and his cousin, made him undergo some difficult tasks, which are known in Greek myths as the ’12 labours of Hercules’. The first involved a fight with a lion. The valley of Nemea was being disturbed by a terrible lion and so Eurystheus ordered Hercules to slay the beast and bring him his skin. At first, Hercules tried to fight the lion with his club and arrows but this took him nowhere. Then Hercules attempted a different tactic: he decided he would use his hands. He thus managed to slay the animal on his own, relying entirely on his immense strength. Victorious, he returned to Mycenae carrying the dead lion on his shoulders, a sight that terrified the King. His next task was to slay a monster called Hydra that was ravaging the country of Argos. The Hydra had nine heads, of which the middle one was said to be immortal. Our hero struck off its heads with his club, but whenever he knocked off a head, two new ones erupted in its place. Eventually with the help of his devoted servant Iolaus, Hercules succeeded in burning all the heads of the Hydra except the ninth or immortal one, which he decided to bury under a huge rock. In other words, Hercules triumphed again, as he would every time he was given an impossible task by Eurystheus! And this is how, he began to acquire the reputation of a hero possessing immense strength throughout the world.
1. Born to Jupiter and Alcmena

Read the following text and make a flow chart showing how women in our country lose connection with the outside world and get confined in the household with no change of self-reliance. (No. 1 has been done for you.)

In Bangladesh the legal age of marriage for girls is 18. However, 33% of our girls get married before they are 15 years old and 60% of them give birth by the time they reach 19. When an adolescent girl gets married she usually drops out of school and thus loses her mobility. She gets confined to full-time work in her in-laws, household. She loses social status and the opportunities for economic independence. In her in-laws, house she gets marginalized. She becomes vunerable to all sorts of abuse, including dowry-related violence. In our country it is still common for the bride’s family to pay dowry, despite the practice being illegal. Dowry demands can continue even years after marriage. An adolescent bride, even if her in-laws are supportive, faces enormous health risk during pregnancy and child birth. Majority of our people are uninformed or insufficiently informed about reproductive health. The maternal mortality rate among adolescents is double the national rate.

Situation of Adolescent Girls in Bangladesh

Getting married early
Dropping out of school
Losing mobility
Getting confined to domestic chores
Losing social and economic status
Getting marginalized

Read the following text and make a flow chart showing the key developments during the time of adolescence.

The time of adolescence is a period of preparation for adulthood during which one experiences several key developments. Besides physical and sexual maturation, these experiences include movement toward social and economic independence, development of identity, the acquisition of skills needed to carry out adult relationships and roles and the capacity for abstract reasoning. While adolescence is a time of tremendous growth and
potential, it is also a time of considerable risks during which social contexts exert powerful influences.
1. Physical maturation

A flow chart showing the key developments during the time of adolescence is given below:

Key Developments during the time of Adolescence

Physical maturation
Sexual maturation
Movement towards social independence
Movement towards economic independence
Development of identity
The acquisition of skills

or,

Physical and sexual maturation
Movement toward social & economic independence
Development of identity
Acquisition skills to carry out adult relationship
Experiencing tremendous growth & potential
Experiencing a wide range of adjustment & mental health problems

Read the following text and make a flow chart showing a series of training that Valentina Tereshkova had to undergo.

Valentina Tereshkova was born in the village Maslennikovo, Tutayevsky District, in Central Russia. Tereshkova’s father was a tractor driver and her mother worked in a textile plant. Tereshkova began school in 1945 at the age of 8, but left school in 1953 and continued her education through distance learning. She became interested in parachuting from a young age, and trained in skydiving at the local Aero club, making her first jump at age 22 on 21 May 1959. At that time she was employed as a textile worker in a local factory. It was her expertise in skydiving that led to her selection as a cosmonaut.

After the flight of Yuri Gagarin (the first human being to travel to outer space in 1961), the Soviet Union decided to send a woman in space. On 16 February 1962, “proletaria” Valentina Tereshkova was selected for this project from among more than four hundred applicants. Tereshkova had to undergo a series of training that included weightless flights, isolation tests, centrifuge tests, rocket theory, spacecraft engineering, 120 parachute jumps and pilot training in MiG-15UTI jet fighters.

Weightless flight

Read the following text and make flow chart showing the painful experiences a street child has to suffer to survive.

The streets are now my home. Sometimes I find work. I used to collect trash and sell it to a vendor. I stopped doing that after I had a serious infection and a doctor told me to stay away from the trash dump. Once I worked for an ice cream shop owner and sold ice cream on the beach. But I got no money in return. The owner of the shop gave me something to eat, and let me sleep in his hut at night. The work was difficult and painful. The ice cream box is quite heavy when it is full. I had to walk for hours, offering my ice cream to whoever wanted to buy. There were days when I could not even sell one ice cream.

Homeless
Penniless
Often unfed
Deprived of medical treatment
Living in unhealthy environment
Deprived of education and recreation

Showing the daily activities of Amerigo

Amerigo searching for work
Working with great difficulty
Passing the day with painfully
Keeping him always hungry
Doing always dangerous work

Read the following text and make a flow chart showing prominent features of craftwork.

Reflecting inclusive nature of folk imagination
An applied form of art
Reflection of the inclusive nature of folk imagination
Retention of Personal touch
Sign of artistic ingenuity and presence of its maker
Symbol of individual creativity
Mark of community aesthetics

A flow chart showing important aspects of craftwork is given below:

Important Aspects of Craftwork

An applied form of art
Reflecting the inclusive nature of folk imagination
Ignoring the signature of its maker
Having innovation and innovative work
Representing artistic ingenuity
Retaining personal touch

Special aspect of a craftwork

A practical from of art
The product of a society and culture
Representing the all embracing nature of folk imagination
Reflecting the community aesthetics, values and beliefs
Reflecting the culture ambition of the community
Greatly enticing and attractive

Read the following text and make a flow chart showing the conditions of adolescent girls in Bangladesh.

When adolescent girls are pulled out of school, either for marriage or work, they often lose their mobility, their friends and social status. The lack of mobility among adolescent girls also curtails their economic and non-formal educational opportunities. Moreover, they lack information about health issues. According to a study, only about three in five adolescents have even heard of HIV. It is also reported that more than 50 percent of adolescent girls are undernourished and suffer from anemia. Adolescent fertility is also high in Bangladesh. The contribution of the adolescent fertility rate to the total fertility rate increased from 20.3% in 1993 to 24.4% in 2007. Moreover, neonatal mortality is another concern for younger mothers.

Pulling out of school, either for marriage or work

Read the following text and make a flow chart highlighting the different aspects of socio-cultural life as reflected in folk music.

In Bangladesh folk music has great variety, with songs being composed on the culture, festivals, views of life, natural beauty, rivers and rural and riverine life. These songs are also about social inequality and poverty, about the material world and the supernatural. Mystical songs have been composed using the metaphors of rivers and boats. Since the country is basically riverine, the Bhatiyali forms an important genre of folk music. Folk music is formed and develops according to the environment. Differences in the natural environment are reflected in the people of the different regions. The dialects too vary across the different regions. Bangladeshi folk music, therefore, varies from region to region. Thus there are the northern Bhawaiya, the eastern Bhatiyali and the south-western Baul songs.

Songs reflecting rural and riverine life
Reflection of social inequality and poverty
Reflection of the material world
Reflection of supernatural issues
Reflection of differences in the natural environment
Various dialects across different regions

Based on your reading of the passage, make short notes in each of the boxes of the flow chart showing the dreams of Martin Luther King Jr.

I have a dream today.

I have a dream that one day down in Alabama, with its vicious racists, with its governor having his lips dripping with the words of interposition and nullification, that one day right down in Alabama little black boys and black girls will be able to join hands with little white boys and white girls as sisters and brothers.

I have a dream today. I have a dream that one day every valley shall be exalted, every hill and mountain shall

be made low, the rough places will be made plain, and the crooked places will be made straight, and the glory of the Lord shall be revealed, and all flesh shall see it together. This is our hope. This is the faith that I will go back to the South with. With this faith we will be able to hew out of the mountain of despair a stone of hope. With this faith we will be able to transform the jangling discords of our nation into a beautiful symphony of brotherhood.

With this faith we will be able to work together, to pray together, to struggle together, to go to jail together, to stand up for freedom together, knowing that we will be free one day…

And if America is to be a great nation, this must become true. So let freedom ring from the prodigious hilltops of New Hampshire. Let freedom ring from the mighty mountains of New York. Let freedom ring from the heightening Alleghenies of Pennsylvania …

Let freedom ring from every hill and molehill of Mississippi. From every mountainside, let freedom ring. And when this happens, and when we allow freedom ring, when we let it ring from every village and every hamlet, from every state and every city, we will be able to speed up that day when all of God s children, black men and white men, Jews and gentiles, Protestants and Catholics, will be able to join hands and sing in the words of the old Negro spiritual, “Free at last! Free at last! Thank God Almighty, we are free at last!”

One day every valley to be exalted

Based on your reading of the passage, make short notes in each of the boxes of the flow chart showing the important information of Hercules

Hercules was the son of Jupiter and Alcmena. Eurystheus, the King of Mycenae and his cousin, made him undergo some difficult tasks, which are known in Greek myths as the ‘twelve labours of Hercules. The first involved a fight with a lion. The valley of Nemea was being disturbed by a terrible lion and so Eurystheus ordered Hercules to slay the beast and bring him his skin. At first, Hercules tried to fight the lion with his club and arrows but this took him nowhere. Then Hercules attempted a different tactic: he decided he would use his hands. He thus managed to slay the animal on his own, relying entirely on his immense strength. Victorious, he returned to Mycenae carrying the dead lion on his shoulders, a sight that terrified the King. His next task was to slay a monster called Hydra that was ravaging the country of Argos. The Hydra had nine heads, of which the middle one was said to be immortal. Our hero struck off its heads with his club, but whenever he knocked off a head, two new ones erupted in its place. Eventually with the help of his devoted servant lolaus, Hercules succeeded in burning all the heads of the Hydra except the ninth or immortal one, which he decided to bury under a huge rock. In other words, Hercules triumphed again, as he would every time he was given an impossible task by Eurystheus! And this is how he began to acquire the reputation of a hero possessing immense strength throughout the world.

Born to Jupiter and Alcmena

Based on the passage, make short notes in each of the boxes of the flow chart showing the instruction given by the speaker to the armed forces and general people

To those in the armed forces I have this to say: you are my brothers; stay in your barracks and no one will bother you. But don’t try again to aim your bullets at our chests. You can’t suppress seventy million people forever. Since we have learned to sacrifice ourselves no one can suppress us anymore. And as for our martyrs and those who have been wounded, we in the Awami League will do everything we can to assist them and their loved ones. If you have the means, please give what little you can to our Relief Committee. To owners of factories whose workers had participated in the General Strike the last seven days have this to say: make sure that they are paid wages for those days. To government employees I have this to tell: you’ll have to listen to my directives. Till our country is liberated, taxes and custom duties won’t be collected. No one will pay them either. Remember: the enemy is amidst us to create chaos and confusion, to create anarchy and to loot. In our Bengal Hindus and Muslims, Bengalis and non-Bengalis are all brothers. We are responsible for their safety; let us not taint ourselves in any way. Remember those of you who work for radio and television: if the people running the radio station aren’t ready! to listen to us, no Bengali will report for work there. Banks will be open for two hours every day so that people can collect their salaries. But we won’t allow even a single poisha to be transferred from East Bengal to West Pakistan. Telephones and telegram services will continue as before in our East Bengal; if we have to transmit news abroad you will see to that. But if any attempt is made to exterminate our people all Bengalis must take appropriate action.

To stay armed forces in the barracks

Read the following text and make a flow chart showing the different types of dreams.

Dreams have fascinated philosophers for thousands of years, but only recently have dreams been subjected to empirical research and scientific study. Chances are that you’ve often found yourself puzzling over the content of a dream, or perhaps you’ve wondered why you dream at all

First, let’s start by answering a basic question: What is a dream? A dream can include any of the images, thoughts and emotions that are experienced during sleep. Dreams can be extraordinarily vivid or very vague; filled with joyful emotions or frightening images; focused and understandable or unclear and confusing.

Why do we dream? What purpose do dreams serve? While many theories have been proposed, no consensus has emerged. Considering the time, we spend in a dreaming state, the fact that researchers do not yet understand the purpose of dreams may seem baffling. However, it is important to consider that science is still unraveling the exact purpose and function of sleep itself. Some researchers suggest that dreams serve no real purpose, while others believe that dreaming is essential to mental, emotional and physical well-being.

Next, let’s learn more about some of the most prominent dream theories.

A flow chart showing the different types of dreams is given.

Extraordinarily vivid
Very vague
Filled with joyful emotions
Filled with frightening images
Focused and understandable
Unclear or confused

Category: Rules of Flow chart

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