In this post, we are going to talk in detail about affixes i.e. prefixes and suffixes. The basics will help you understand the very interesting ways of playing with words in English.

The Root (Derivatives)

a. Prefix (উপসর্গ)

b. Suffix (প্রত্যয় /বিভক্তি)

The root word/base word: It is the part of the word that contains the basic meaning or definition of the word.

The root word/base word: Noun, Adjective, Adverb, Verb

Subsidiary word: Preposition, Conjunction, Pronoun, Interjection

Prefix: The prefix is a word element placed in front of the root, which changes the word’s meaning or makes a new word. Prefix alone has no full meaning unless associated with a word.

Prefix + Word = New Word/Changed Word
un + necessary = Unnecessary
dis + favour = Disfavour
mis + take = Mistake
in + correct = Incorrect

List of (prefixes): be, de, dis, em, en, il, im, in, ir, un, mis, pre, re, bi, anti, fore, inter, non, over, semi, sub, inter, under, super, com, con, contra, ex, a, in, tri

Suffix: A suffix is a word element placed after the root, which changes the word’s meaning as well as its function. Like the prefix, the suffix has no meaning of its own. However, they both deal with their confidence as they choose to embark on their play activities.

Word + Suffix = New Word/Changed Word
rapid + ly = rapidly
kind + ness = kindness
examine + tion = examination
care + ful = careful

a. List of Nouns (suffixes)

ce, cy, ty, th, ness, hood, dom, tion, sion, xion, age, ment, ess, er, al, ship, or, r, ism, ing, ure, ry, ist, ee, ade, an, ate, et, phy, gy, tude, ny, my

b. List of Adjectives (suffixes)

ent, ant, ar, or, al, ous, ful, tive, el, le, en, less, full, sive, able, ed, tory, ing, ic, ary, ish, like, ry, an, ate, ose, id, sque

c. List of Verbs (suffixes)

en, fy, ise/ize, ed, t, ne, ate

d. Adverb

adjective+ly, wise, ways, ward

Suffixes	Nouns
ce	prominence, intelligence, negligence, absence, confidence, importance, difference, independence, disgrace
cy	adequacy, frequency, literacy, vacancy, sufficiency, solvency, secrecy, proficiency, privacy, intimacy
ty	purity, safety, equity, ability, surety, popularity, nobility, morality, minority, equality, brutality, creativity
th	depth, warmth, path, length, width, death, growth, youth, strength, breadth, truth, dearth(অপ্রাচুর্য)
ness	usefulness, carelessness, truthfulness,  tiredness, softness, shortness, quickness, justness,  foolishness, easiness,
hood	brotherhood, neighborhood, livelihood, boyhood, fatherhood, motherhood, childhood, falsehood, priesthood
dom	Martyrdom(শহীদত্ব), random (এলোমেলো)(also used as adjective), wisdom(বিজ্ঞতা), freedom(স্বাধীনতা), kingdom(রাজত্ব)
tion	Pacification(শান্তিস্থাপন), amplification, purification, realization, civilization, modernisation, election, education,
sion	passion, allusion, concession, conclusion, commission, submission, consumption, omission, allusion, division
age	damage, bondage, stoppage, carriage, leakage, marriage, wastage, postage, usage(ব্যবহার), package, linkage
ess	success, process, excess, princess,  goddess, authoress, actress, stewardess, mistress, seamstress(মেয়ে – দর্জি)
er	writer, user, reader, maker, builder(নির্মাতা), buyer, controller, fighter, gainer, examiner, driver, worker, killer
ment	improvement, predicament, improvement, payment, judgement, engagement, management, betterment
al	approval, removal, trial, arrival, denial(অস্বীকার), betrayal, dismissal(অপসারণ), proposal, refusal, rehearsal(পুনরাবৃত্তি)
ship	scholarship, friendship, ownership, studentship, lawship, doctorship, internship, championship, citizenship

 

Suffixes	Adjectives
ent	efficient, opulent, pungent, equivalent, prevalent, proficient, absent, current, innocent, decent, urgent
ant	juvilant, assistant, constant, instant, ignorant, valiant, significant, pregnant, brilliant, arrogant, assistant
ar	popular, circular, particular, spectacular, cellular(কোষীয়), triangular(ত্রিকোণী), scholar, dissimilar, lunar
or	prior(পূর্ববর্তী), superior (উচ্চতর)(also use as noun), major(মুখ্য), senior(জ্যেষ্ঠ), minor(গৌণ), junior, inferior(নিকৃষ্ট),
al	neoclassical, universal, medieval, theatrical, beneficial, additional,  conditional, formal, habitual, moral,
ous	enormous(প্রকাণ্ড), precious, curious, ridiculous, cautious, studious, spacious, glorious, harmonious(সমন্বয়পূর্ণ),
ful	powerful, truthful, awful (also used as adverb), successful, fruitful(ফলপ্রসূ), cheerful(আনন্দিত), joyful, lawful
tive	attentive, lucrative, positive, attractive, negative, authoritive, creative, collective, co operative, effective
el	cruel, angel, barrel, camel, decibel, tunnel, vessel, vowel, wheel, novel, parcel, colonel,  parallel, personnel
le	fertile, docile(বাধ্য), subtle, able, agreeable, appreciable, valuable, variable, simple, noble, agile(চট্পটে), futile(ব্যর্থ)
en	rotten, sunken, broken, widen, proven, sharpen, deepen, lighten, brighten, redden, enliven, heighten
less	blameless, careless, valueless, priceless, hopeless, worthless(অপদার্থ), harmless, bottomless(তলহীন), airless, endless
full	beautiful, careful, colourful, gainful, hateful, youthful(তরূণ), useful,  respectful, tasteful(সুস্বাদু),  mindful
sive	expressive, conclusive, permissive(অনুমতিপূর্ণ), excessive, successive, submissive(বিনয়ী), offensive, defensive
able	preferable, comfortable, comparable, amicable, capable, portable(বহনীয়), durable, accountable, acceptable
ous	Dangerous, famous, various, mysterious, precious,industrious
some	Handsome, troublesome, quarrelsome

Neither the prefix nor the suffix has any literal meaning of its own. They simply combine with other words to change that word. The prefix is ​​added before the original word and the suffix is ​​added after the original word. By adding prefix or suffix, the same word can be changed in different ways and used as different Part of Speech in different sentences.

Prefix + Root Word + Suffix
1. Adjectives can be formed by adding the suffixes “able” or “ible” to nouns.

Noun + able/ible = Adjective
answer + able = answerable
comfort + able = comfortable
sense +ible = sensible

2. Adjectives can be formed by adding the suffixes “able” or “ible” to verbs.

Verb + able/ible = Adjective
bear + able = bearable
drink + able = drinkable
prefer + able = preferable
response + ible = responsible

3. Adjectives can be formed by adding the suffix “al” to nouns.

Noun + al = Adjective
accident + al = accidental
digit + al = digital
verb + al = verbal

4. Adjectives are formed by adding the suffix “al” to verbs.

Verb + al =Noun
approve + al = approval
propose + al = proposal
dismiss + al = dismissal
try + al = trial

5. Adjectives can be formed by adding the prefix “be” to nouns or adjectives.

be + Noun/ Adjective = Verb
be + cloud = becloud
be + fall = befall
be + friend = befriend
be + fit = befit

6. Opposite (or negative) meanings can be formed by adding the prefix “dis” to verbs.
dis + Verb = Opposite Word
dis + agree = disagree
dis + allow = disallow
dis + obey = disobey
dis + like = dislike

7. Nouns can be formed by adding the suffix “ee” to verbs.

Verb + ee = Noun
address + ee = addressee
allot + ee = allotee
employ + ee = employee
pay + ee = payee

8. Verbs can be formed by adding the prefix “en” to nouns or adjectives.

en + Noun/Adjective = Verb
en + able = enable
en + danger = endanger
en + joy = enjoy
en + title = entitle

9. Nouns can be formed by adding the suffix “r” or “er” to verbs.

Verb + er/r = Noun
drive + r = driver
fight + er = fighter
make + er = maker
write + r = writer

10. The comparative and superlative degrees are formed by adding the suffixes “er” and “est” to adjectives or adverbs, respectively.

Adjective/Adverb + er = Comparative        

Adjective/Adverb + est = Superlative
big + er = bigger + est = biggest
tall + er = taller + est = tallest
fast + er = faster + est = fastest

11. Adjectives are formed by adding the suffix “ful” to nouns.

Noun + ful = Adjective
beauty + ful = beautiful
duty + ful = dutiful
use + ful = useful
fruit + ful = fruitful

12. Adjectives are formed by adding the suffix “ian” to nouns.

Noun + ian = Adjective
Canada + ian = Canadian
Egypt + ian = Egyptian
India +ian = Indian

13. Adjectives are formed by adding the suffix “ic” to nouns.

Noun + ic = Adjective
Arab + ic = Arabic
Islam + ic = Islamic
Prose + ic = Prosaic

14. Opposite adjectives can be formed by adding the prefixes “il,” “im,” “in,” or “ir” to adjectives.

il/im/in/ir + Adjective = Opposite Adjective
il + legal = illegal
im + moral = immoral
in + attentive = inattentive
ir + regular = irregular

15. Gerunds (which function as nouns) or present participles are formed by adding the suffix “ing” to verbs.

Verb + ing = Gerund (=Noun)/ Present Participle
write + ing = writing
read + ing = reading
dance + ing = dancing

16. Adjectives are formed by adding the suffix “less” to nouns.

Noun + less = Adjective
aim + less = aimless
hope + less = hopeless
help + less = helpless
life + less = lifeless

17.Adverbs are formed by adding the suffix “ly” to adjectives.

Adjective + ly = Adverb
active + ly = actively
slow + ly = slowly
hopeful + ly = hopefully

18. Nouns are formed by adding the suffix “ment” to verbs.

Verb + ment = Noun
advance + ment = advancement
agree + ment = agreement
announce + ment = announcement

19. Nouns are formed by adding the suffix “ness” to adjectives.

Adjective + ness = Noun
aware + ness = awareness
fresh + ness = freshness
dark + ness = darkness

20. Adjectives are formed by adding the suffix “ous” to nouns.

Noun + ous = Adjective
courage + ous = courageous
danger + ous = dangerous
glory + ous = glorious

21. The plural form of singular countable nouns is formed by adding the suffixes “s” or “es.”

Singular Noun +s/es = Plural Noun
apple + s = apples
boy + s = boys
mango + es = mangoes

22. Singular verbs are formed by adding the suffixes “s” or “es” to the present form of verbs.

Present form + s/es = Singular Verb
come + s = comes
go + es = goes
read + s = reads

23. Abstract nouns are formed by adding the suffix “ship” to nouns.

Noun + ship = Abstract Noun
fellow + ship = fellowship
owner + ship = ownership
lord + ship = losrdship

24. Abstract nouns are formed by adding the suffixes “ion,” “sion,” or “tion” to verbs.

Verb + ion/sion/tion =Abstract Noun
absorb + tion = absorption
accommodate + ion = accommodation
compel + sion = compulsion
civilize + tion = civilization

25. Antonyms (opposite words) can be formed by adding the prefix “un” to nouns.

un + Adjective = Antonyms
un + able = unable
un + common = uncommon
un + kind = unkind

26. Adjectives are formed by adding the suffixes “y” or “ey” to nouns.

Noun + y/ey = Adjective
air + y = airy
clay + ey = clayey
sun + y = sunny
storm + y = stormy
wealth + y = wealthy

ey = Adjective
air + y = airy
clay + ey = clayey
sun + y = sunny
storm + y = stormy
wealth + y = wealthy

Important rules:

1. Words that end with suffixes like ce, cy, ity, ty, ness, hood, dom, tion, sion, ance, age, ment, th, etc., are generally nouns.

মনে রাখার টেকনিকঃ শুন (tion) ছি (sy) তাই (ty) আগে (aga) দম (doom) ছাই (cy) রাই (ry) যাই (gy) মেন্ট (ment) নেস (ness) ইজম (ism) ইষ্ট (ist) এক্স  (ex) হুড  (hood) সিএম (cm) টিস (th)

2. Words that end with able, ous, ant, ent, le, al, ful, er, est, ive, etc., are generally adjectives. If a word has more, most, less, or least before it, it is also an adjective. In other words, if any word ends with suffixes like ble, ful, ous, less, ic, al, ant, ent, tive, sive, etc., it is usually an adjective.

3. When ly is added to an adjective, it generally becomes an adverb. Conversely, if you remove ly, it becomes an adjective.
Example: slow → slowly, slowly → slow. Example sentence: “He did not do it slowly. It was slow.”

4. Words that end with te, d, ed, ain, fy, e, en, ize, se, ing, etc., are generally verbs.
Example: build, beautify, made, etc.

5. If a word starts with prefixes like de, dis, il, im, in, ir, un, miss, etc., then removing them gives the opposite meaning or antonym.
Example: Decontaminate (to free from contamination), Contaminate (to pollute), Disconnect (to separate), Connect (to link), Immortal (not subject to death), Mortal (subject to death).

6. If a verb has prefixes like be, en, em, im, etc., then removing them gives a noun/adjective.
Example: Beflower (to cover with flowers) → Flower (flower), Enable (to empower) → Able (capable).

7. If a verb has suffixes like en, ify, ize, etc., then removing them gives a noun/adjective.
Example: broaden (to widen) → broad (wide), signify (to indicate) → sign (mark).

8. If a verb ends with e, you can form a noun by removing the e and adding the suffix or.
Example: calculate (to compute) → calculator (one who calculates).

9. If a verb ends with de, removing de and adding the suffix sion forms a noun.
Example: conclude (to finish) → conclusion (the end).

10. If a verb ends with y, removing y and adding the suffix ier forms a noun.
Example: carry (to transport) → carrier (one who carries).

11. If a verb ends with se, removing e and adding the suffix ion forms a noun.
Example: Televise (to broadcast) → Television (broadcasting).

12. If a verb ends with rt, removing t and adding the suffix sion forms a noun.
Example: Divert (to distract) → Diversion (distraction).

13. If a verb ends with nt, removing t and adding the suffix sion forms a noun.
Example: Ascent (to climb) → Ascension (the act of climbing).

14. If a verb ends with it, removing t and adding the suffix ssion forms a noun.
Example: Admit (to allow entry) → Admission (the act of allowing entry).

15. If a verb ends with ate, removing e and adding the suffix ion forms a noun.
Example: Accelerate (to speed up) → Acceleration (the act of increasing speed).

16. If a verb ends with e, you can form an adjective by removing e and adding the suffix able.
Example: measure (to assess) → measurable (capable of being measured).

17. If a verb ends with ate, removing ate and adding the suffix able forms an adjective.
Example: Appreciate (to value) → Appreciable (worthy of appreciation).

18. If a verb ends with fy, removing y and adding the suffix iable forms an adjective.
Example: Classify (to categorize) → Classifiable (able to be classified).

19. If a verb ends with y, removing y and adding the suffix ied forms an adjective.
Example: stratify (to arrange in layers) → stratified (arranged in layers).

20. If a verb ends with ge, se, de, removing ge, se, de and adding the suffix sive forms an adjective.
Example: Diffuse (to spread out) → Diffusive (tending to spread out).

21. If a verb ends with duce, removing e and adding the suffix tive forms an adjective.
Example: produce (to create) → productive (capable of producing).

22. For some words, removing suffixes can change their part of speech as follows:

a) Removing ce/cy and adding t/te makes it an adjective.
Example: Importance → Important.

b) Removing ity makes it an adjective.
Example: Popularity (the state of being popular) → Popular (liked by many).

c) Removing ness makes it an adjective.
Example: awfulness (the quality of being awful) → awful (very bad).

d) Removing hood/dom makes it an adjective.
Example: falsehood (the state of being false) → false (not true).

e) Removing tion and adding t/te makes it a verb.
Example: connection → connect.

f) Removing ment makes it a verb.
Example: enjoyment (the state of enjoying) → enjoy (to take pleasure in).

g) Removing ance makes it a verb.
Example: acceptance (the state of being accepted) → accept (to receive).

h) Removing age makes it a verb.
Example: breakage (the state of breaking) → break (to separate into pieces).

 

Procedures of Identifying Correct Form of Words

1. Article + noun (preposition)

2. Article + adjective + noun

3. Article + adverb + adjective + noun

4. no + noun/not+adjective

5. Possessive + noun

6. Preposition + noun

7. Verb + adjective/noun

8. There + verb + noun

9. As/so + adjective + as

10. Verb + adverb + verb

11. Noun as subject of verb

12. An assertive sentence can start with Gerund (verb +ing) and Infinitive (to+verb1)

13. A sentence expresses complete meaning without the beginning, ending or any other words that will be an adverb.

Exercise on Correct Form of Words

1. Article + noun (preposition)

2. Article + adjective + noun (preposition)

3. Article + adverb + adjective + noun (preposition)

The entire root is not put in the (contain). Jerry liver in the (orphan). E-mail has brought about a (revolt). The (direct) left for its expansion is upwards. It is a (bar) to development. It is an (achieve). The (structural) has 1605 doors. The (celebrate) of Pohela baishak is traditional. It is marked by the (importantly) of the family. There has a (distant) of relatives. The world sees an (associate) of women with earning. It has the (appear) of a large tree. It refers to the (able) to use a language. The (different) between the two is huge. Oregami takes the (formal) of various object. They also showed a (fond) for bonsai. The (beautiful) of shape is important for Bonsai. He drew the (attentive) of his master. They gave her the (responsible) of organizing the club. It is added to imitate the (move) of real life objects. The (artistic) of bonsai is popular. It grows to a (high) of one foot. It is the (believe) of them. He took the (responsible) for breaking it. They have a (repute) for keeping emotions private. The (important) of television is many. Health is the (sound) of both body and mind. The (deep) of it is unreachable.

Nisu is a (merit) boy.  The (presently) age is marked by the importance of the family. It is marked as an (economy) institution. Bonsai is a (newly) form of pot-planting. It is an (interest) pastime. Jerry had a (strength) character. The (psychology) problems of children are increasing. It is a (nature) process. It is a (subconsciously) process. It is the (office) language in more than 60 countries.  The most (importance) thing about any language is communication. (recreat) activities can be divided into two types. Recreational (active) can be divided into two types. English helps the (internationally) community to communicate across national borders. Wires are used to force to grow in a (particularly) direction. Jerry was a (care) worker. He did for me the (necessity) thing. Sakhina Begum is a (benefit) of this project. Computer is a modern (invent). There are two ways of developing (communicate) competence. The (nation) dress of BD is the longyi. The old custom of (married) is changing. It is a form of geometrical (constructive). It earned international (acclaimed). (Particularly) class of people is provided with loan. The ILO training brings (add) income to her family. It refers to use a language in (vary) circumstances. (Communication) competence refers to the ability to use a language. English helps to communicate across (nation) borders. Oregami is a form of (decoration) plaything. Marriage of different (cultural) was in vague. (Academy) education is not enough for success. Cleanliness has great (important) in our life.

Mamun is a (physical) sound boy. Raghib was riding his cycle (fair) well. Good school is a very (expense) one. A very (signify) change is noticed in you. London made a very poor (impress) on him. Television has a great (education) value. The poor always lead a very (unhappiness) life. She is the most (dense) populated country.  He drags a very miserable (exist). Dhaka is a very (beauty) city. They looked for a very concise (suggest).  It is a large scale (exhibit) of books. It is a unique (literature) creation of the students. It is a very (commonly) bird. Taking drug is an (society) act. My mother is a very (religion) woman. She shows a very (emotion) love. He is a very qualitative (law). There lived a very old (farmland) in a village. Iron is the most (value) metal. Teaching is a very noble (profess). Being a (high) complex structure, its annual maintenance cost is huge.

4. No + noun   

I have no (compete) with him. Many of these have no (exist). It is difficult to drive if you have no (experienced) of driving here. The English has no (possess) of it. No (national) can progress except industry. There is no (contradictory) on gender issues in Islam. They have no (decide) to go there. She has no (know) of sanitation. Women’s roles have no (recognized) either. Women with no (educative) have come out of their cocoons. Ayesha Begum had no (landless) of her own. He was confined to a wheelchair with no (powerful) to control. She gives no (important) on honesty. These various celebrations have no (originate) in history.

5. Possessive + noun

All came forward to its (assist) in time of danger. The plant is taken out for its’ (origin) pot. Japanese are responsible for its (develop). I tried to return his (thoughtful). A century ago the world’s (populated) was only about 1.7 billion. Young people’s (tasteless) are gradually influenced by them. A major influence on American children’s (lively) is the television shows they watch. Indeed TV watching influences children’s (learn) style too. A society’s (cultural) is made up of all of its ideas. His (reputed) as a scientist soared higher and higher. It can be attributed to most people’s (inaccessible) to education. They will use their resources for their son’s (educate). Their (present) can be identified through telescopes. It makes us think of the realities of our (socially). Its (declare) as a World heritage Site. Collective responsibility for its (preserve) is needed. E-mail has its (able) to reduce the consumption of paper. These people have served their (national). It was performed at Nigeria’s (Independent) celebrations. These give the carnival its (vital) and (unique). They are very conscious of their (responsible). They did not want our (dependent). He should remove his (differ). Her (dense) of population per square mile is very high. His (contribute) has made him immortal. He must know his (responsible). Their (dedicate) is an act of inspiration for us. Bangladesh is our (born) land.

6. Preposition + nounI

t is a matter of (express). It is the new practice of (monogamous). With the process of (industry) relationship is breaking down. The Chinese put a lot of (emphasise) on the unity of the family. The I make a trip just for (please). It is specially prized for (decorate). They quoted his words of (wise).Introverts and extroverts are particular types of (personally). They are not outgoing in (natural). It is the cause of (destruct) of wildlife. Development is impossible without (educative). They have a reputation for (punctual). The struggle for (democratic) has been momentous. He first received training in (cultivate). It has become the focus of (attentive). They spent time in (idle). He suffers from (frustrate). His (attain) is slow. The result is up to the level of (expect). The frequent taking of drugs leads a man to (die). Lack of (serious) is the sign of (lazy). They become the subject of (deprive). Common form of (marry) among the various cultural groups in Kenya was polygamy.

7. verb + adjective/noun

8. There + verb + noun

She is (anxiety) of his future. It’s not (safety) for girls to move. Jerry was never (gratefulness). The most important thing about any language is (communicative). I often feel (lonely) and bored. Conditions in my house are (favour). Let me first introduce my (beautifully) country to you. We gained (independent) from Britain. It is (fame) for its many pagodas. It also gained (popular) as a form of geometrical construction. Only Japanese are (responsibility) for its development. Introverts and extroverts are (particularly) types of personality. His courtesy was (instinct). He was (word). Jerry was never (gratefulness) when the author gave him a gift. Nazneen cannot give (concentrate) her study. Men were (responsibility) outdoor activities. The conditions of her house are not (suit) for her. Banking system shows (unwillingly) lend money to the poor. Banking system requires (efficient) playing an important role. Bangladesh is (pride) of Kazi Nazrul Islam. They gave (assist) to the Pakistani soldiers. It rather brings (frustrate). To become (success) in life, you must be dutiful. He is (study).There is (relate) between them. There was (various) culture among the Kenyans. There is no (gravitation) and the body needs a lot of adjusting to do. Heavy objects can be moved with one finger as they have no (weighty). There is (clean) everywhere. There is no (understand) among his sons. There has (reputed) for keeping emotions private.

9. An assertive sentence can start with gerund (verb +ing) and infinitive (to +verb1). 

(Swim) is good for health. (Acquire) a language is more successful. (Learn) a language is like riding a cycle. (Dig) a deeper hole, Jerry steadied a loose stone. (Destroy) of forests has a very bad effect on. (Hunt) of animals should be restricted. (Feed) the ever growing population is a big challenge. (Sustain) the current level of production is a big task. (Conduct) experiments in space, scientists have launched Space Stations. (Get) acquainted with different cultures helps to broaden outlook. (Take) advantage of globalisation, it seems to be on a triumphant march. (Educated) girls contribute to creating wealth. (Fail) to educate girls results in a tremendous waste. (Use) his computer he carries out research work. (See) this, the teachers requested the guard on duty to open the gate. (Spend) money in an improper way can lead us to the path of destruction. (Keep) the woman uneducated development is impossible. (Smoke) is harmful to her health. (Take) drug is definitely an antisocial act. (Stand) in front of the graves, we bow down our head. (Fill) the pitcher, he went out. (Get) degrees is not all. (Study) a person’s repeated actions is to find out about that person.

10. as/so + adjective + as

He seems as (wisdom) as Neuton. No other sea beach in the world is as (length) as Cox’s Bazar. No other spinner in Bangladesh is as (perfectionist) as Rafiq. No other country is as (population) as Bangladesh. The (important) of television is too many to describe. Very few games are as (popularity) as cricket. Very few journeys in my life are so (memory) as it was. Very few cities of the world are as (expense) as Toronto. You are as (shorten) as he. Bela is not as (intelligence) as Abul. Sorrow is not as (strength) as hunger. The course of education is as (event) as the history of man.

11. Noun as subject

(Kind) is a condition of truthfulness. (Educate) can develop one’s ability. (Free) is the constitutional right of man. (Truthful) is a great virtue. (Short) of money makes our life deplorable. (Lazy) is a bad habit. (Obedient)  to traffic rules can help to expedite the (prevent) of road accidents. (Illiterate) is one of them. (Deforest) is one of the greatest threats to our environment. (Honest) is a great virtue. (Hospital) has long been a part of our culture in Bangladesh. (Eliminate) of gender disparity is essential for upholding human rights. (Construct) of the railroad encountered enormous problems. (Electricity) of the lines made it possible.

12. verb + adverb + verb

It was (intentional) killed by him. Yangoon was (former) known as Rangoon. But they can (hard) give up their extended family. They are (equal) done by both husbands and wives. It is (speciality) prized for decorating and for ceremonies. A Bonsai tree is (care) shaped to remain small. You can (certainty) learn through mistakes. They can (high) be educative too. Young people’s tastes are (gradual) influenced by them. He will (frequence) hold the other persons arm with his hand. The rise of terrorism and crime are (adverse) affecting society. (Late), a revolution has taken the world by storm. World English has now (complete) moved away from. Globalisation is (main) connected with business. Global cultures are (steady) getting integrated with local cultures. Different cultures are (constant) interacting. Ismail’s lot has changed (radical). It is (popular) known as the Toy Train. The use of computer has (recent) increased to a very great extent. Television programmes should be (careful) produced. Honey is (nature) produced by honey bees.

13. A sentence expresses complete meaning without the beginning, ending or any other words that will be an adverb.

(Normal) I get up at 8 am. A small family does not (necessary) make one happy. We are (main) Muslims. (Previous), authority in the family rested on the husband. It refers to the ability to use a language (appropriate). Acquisition is ‘picking up’ a language (spontaneous). English (usual) helps to get good jobs. You learn to communicate (effectiveness) by using it. They are interested in spending free time (effective). Age has come on me (sudden). Introverts are (usual) shy. (Former), Germans used to work ten hours a day. A passenger pushed him (rude). No one hits (accuracy) every time. He chose to work (careful). The ILO has started the project (recent). Every person learns his or her mother tongue (natural). Fahima agreed (happy). (Quick) he noticed the missing leg. The master clapped his hands (loud). The cook replied (quiet). (Near) seventy percent of it suffer from malnutrition. (Recent), our language day has been declared internationally. We should receive him (cordial). The Pakistani soldiers killed our people (merciless). This problem must be removed (immediate).

Fill in the gaps with the correct form of the words in brackets. Add preposition if necessary

1. Nazneen cannot give (concentrate) — on her study.
2. Nazneen (need) —  to study a lot.
3. Men began (earn) —.
4. Life in Kenya is going to be (modernize) —.
5. He chose to work (careful) —.
6. Jam, Jelly etc. are one sort of (process) — food.
7. In the past a Kenyan (marry) — with several women.
8. In the past there (be) — various cultural groups.
9. There was (various) — of culture among the Kenyans.
10. Even the oceans are getting (pollution) —.
11. The ILO has started the project (recent) —.
12. Sakhina Begum is a (benefit) — of this project.
13. (Self-reliant) — is the aim of the ILO project.
14. Men were (responsibility) — for outdoor activities.
15. Women began to (contribution) — to family income.
16. Women started to (influence) — on family affairs.
17. They (lose) — their breeding places.
18. He was an orphan boy (lived) — in the orphanage.
19. (Dig) — a deeper hole, Jerry steadied a loose stone.
20. Even the oceans are getting (pollution) —.
21. Jerry (be) — at the orphanage since he was four.
22. He took the (responsible) — for breaking the axe-handle.
23. Every person learns his or her mother tongue (natural) —.
24. The conditions of her house are not (suit) — for her.
25. Each of the members in Nazneen’s family (go) — to bed late at night.
26. Kinship is going (decline) — in developing counties.
27. In industrial period women scarcely (work) — in the fields.
28. In the post-war period, women started to (join) — the workforce.
29. A wide disintegration has (find) — in large kin-groups.
30. In the pre-industrial feudal society, outdoor works (do) — by both husbands and wives.
31. To be (competence) — in a language one has to use it in different situations.
32. There is an element of (spontaneous) — in the acquisition of a language.
33. Acquiring a language (believe) — to be more lasting than learning it.
34. By being (consciously) — of a language one can develop his ‘explicit’ learning.
35. Communicative competence can be (develop) — in two ways.
36. Statistics show that English is (speak) — as a first language by 350 million people.
37. The International Olympic Committee (use) — English in its meetings.
38. English (help) — to communicate across national borders.
39. More than 80% of all the information in the world’s computers (be) — in English.
40. Employers nowadays want applicants (have) — a good working knowledge of English.
41. In the post war period women (joining) — the work force.
42. The power of (use) — language properly means communicative competence.
43. Marriage of different (cultural) — was in vague among the Kenyans.
44. The greenhouse effect may be the cause of (distract) — of wildlife and wilderness.
45. According to the (believe) — of the climatologists, the greenhouse effect is the most likely cause of the global warming.
46. If the sea level rises abnormally, we have reason to be (worry) —.
47. Carbon di-oxide is (produce) — by the burning of fossil fuels and forests.
48. (Destroy) — of forests has a very bad effect on the wild animals.
49. Their food chain is also (affect) — by the widespread use of chemicals.
50. Many wild animals (face) — with the threat of extinction.
51. (Hunt) — animals should be restricted by the government.
52. Banking system requires (efficient) — to play an important role for economic growth.
53. Banking system shows (unwillingly) — to lend money to the poorer section of the society.
54. Present Banking does not sanction (lend) — to the poor.
55. The Grameen Bank earned international (acclaimed) — as a micro-credit institutions.
56. (Particularly) — class of people such as women are provided with loan by Grameen Bank.
57. Nazneen (have) — to share her room with her younger brothers and sisters.
58. The ILO training brings (add) — income to Sakhina Begum’s family.

59. The people of the rich countries are enjoying a (luxury) — life.
60. Scientists are (curiously) — the existence of life other than the earth.
61. (Break) — family is a curse to our present civilization.
62. Education makes a man (culture) —.
63. Education is a fundamental right for every (civilize) — nation.
64. It is not (custom) — for the English to stand very close during a conversation.
65. Water gets (pollute) — by chemicals and waste products.
66. Our (nation) — identity has been conveyed through the Central Shaheed Minar.
67. Among the Canadians there is (popular) — of skiing in winter.
68. (Precaution) — measures should be taken to reduce losses.
69. Living in a (noise) — environment may be harmful for man.
70. Being (well groom) — one can impress the board of interview.
71. Once the husband enjoyed (authority) — power in the family.
72. (Recreation) — activities are shared both by the husband and the wife.
73. The developed countries stand on an (advantage) — position.
74. The Iron Bridge (recognize) — as a World Heritage Site in 1986.
75. Yangoon has (famous) — for pagodas.
76. It (be) — a testimony of new engineering.
77. Advertisement (ask) — a good working knowledge of English is not a (wonder) — matter.
78. International meetings (hold) — in English.
79. The Iron Bridge (build) — in 1779 was opened in 1781.
80. If you do start a conversation, you (find) — that British people are friendly and very considerate.

81. Teachers in Bangladesh (treat) — with great respect by their students.
82. Bangladeshi students (not dare) — to call their teachers by their first name.
83. Large kin groups (disintegration) — day by day.
84. The family (arrangement) — the socialization of children.
85. Poor people are (suffer) — from hunger and disease.
86. They aren’t (permission) — go out of home by the male members.
87. It (bring) — about a revolution in trade and commerce.
88. Privacy (not ensure) — in a telex message.
89. It (distribute) — in a printed form.
90. She has (learn) — of making food items.
91. We can (buy) — anything through electronic transmission.
92. There (be) — no evidence of life on Mars.
93. Quality (make) — everything different.
94. One should be perfect if one (intention) — to win an interview.
95. A balanced applicant always (qualify) — the post.
96. “The family (arrangement) — the socialization of children.
97. Poor people are (suffer) — from hunger and disease.
98. They aren’t (permission) — go out of home by the male members.
99. bring about a (revolt) — in trade and commerce,
100. Privacy (not ensure) — in a telex message.
101. It (distribute) — in a printed form.
102. She has (learn) — of making food items.
103. We can (buy) — anything through electronic transmission.
104. There (be) — no evidence of life on Mars.
105. Quality (make) — everything different.
106. One should be perfect if one (intention) — to win an interview.
107. A balanced applicant always (qualify) — the post.
108. Radio is now (give) — place to television.
109. Modern music is (fuse) — melodies from folk songs.
110. Poor countries do not (get) — proper treatment from richer countries.
111. We need to (educate) — if we want to meet the challenges.
112. The Iron Bridge is the world’s first bridge that (make) — of iron.
113. It (build) — over the Severn river.
114. Electronic mail is one of the modern (device) —.
115. Telex and email are electronic in nature but there are many (differ) — between them.
116. People in general have no (control) — over natural calamities.
117. The normal (tolerate) — limit of sound is 45 decibels.
118. Working (facility) — are very few for women in villages.
119. ILO has put much (emphasis) — on women’s training.
120. It is the (responsible) — of RAJUK to plan the development of the city.
121. She knows the art of (produce) — sweet things.
122. For long, scientists are trying to find out the (present) — of life in the outer space.
123. Without being (confident) — of one’s abilities, one can’t hope to win an interview.
124. Their (assign) — is prevalent in Bangladesh.
125. The birth of a girl is the (begin) — of gender discrimination in Bangladesh.
126. The other way of (develop) — the competence of a language is to learn it.
127. The first way of developing communicative competence is (acquisite) —.
128. Folk music was a great source of (entertain) —.
129. The British maintain (private) — expressing their emotions
130. In the global world, the (develop) — countries are more benefited than the poorer.
131. Education is a sort of mental and intellectual (train) —.
132. Education has the capacity to remove all the (obstacle) —.
133. Education removes the (dark) — from the mind.
134. The knowledge of agriculture and warfare was the (prefer) — of the Romans.
135. It played a vital role in the early development of industry) —.
136. Rabindranath described London as a city of (foggy) —.
137. He gave (pay) — of food.
138. Experts give no straight answer about the (safe) — of the building.