Case

Case

Grammatical case pertains to nouns and pronouns. A noun’s or a pronoun’s case shows its relationship with the other words in a sentence. A noun does not change its form in any of the cases other than the possessive case. A pronoun, however, changes its form in the possessive and the objective case.
The main cases you will encounter in English are:

1. Subjective /Nominative  (subject of a verb)

Example: Rila went to the shop. Bill is a policeman. She went to the shop. It is he.

2. Possessive/ Genitive  (show possession)

Example: This is Rima’s bag. This is her bag.

3. Objective /Dative / Accusative  (direct/indirect object of a verb/ preposition)

Example: I visited Riva. Rahim reads a book. I visited her. The horse kicked me. Take me to her.

4. Vocative Case (is addressed directly)

Example: Rina, is this your pen? Brother, could I take your pen?  Good bye, mother. You, get off my lawn. Go there, Rahim. May I come in sir.

Nominative and Objective case can be used as pronoun, adjective, infinitive, gerund, verbal noun, phrase, clause etc

 

Nominative

Objective

noun

Orin goes to school. 

He reads the Quran.

pronoun

He visited Khulna.

We called him. 

adjective

The poor live in hand to mouth. 

He helps the poor.

infinitive

To err is human.

I want to sleep. 

gerund

Walking is a good exercise. 

 

verbal noun

The reading of newspaper is a good habit.

I like the playing of cricket.

phrase

A man of letters came here. 

I met a man of parts.

clause

What he says is known to all.

I know how he did it.

The case at a glance

3rd Person

Nouns

Subjective

Possessive

Objective

Singular

frog

frog’s

frog

Minu

Minu’s

Minu

Plural

frogs

frogs’

frogs

witches

witches’

witches

Personal Pronouns

Person

Subjec

tive

Possessive

Objective

Number

1st

I

my, mine

me

Singular

2nd

you

your, yours

you

3rd

he/she

/it

his/her/

hers/its/

our/ours

him/her

/it

Plural

1st

we

your, yours

us

2nd

you

their, theirs

you

3rd

they

 

them

 

Other

Pronouns

Relative/ interrogative

pronouns

Indefinite

pronouns

Subjective

Who

Which

That/

what

everybody

Possessive

Whose

of which

 

everybody’s

Objective

Whom

Which

That/ what

everybody

Formation of Possessive case:

Process

 

Examples

by adding (’s)

If the word ends without “s”

singular

Shawkot’s book, kamal’s pen, mother’s glass, baby’s toy. The boy’s father, The girl’s mother

plural

women’s co-operative, children’s park, men’s dress, people’s republic.

by adding (’s)    If the word ends in “s”

singular

jesus’ speech, brutass’ car, keates’ poem. For goodness’ sake, Moses’s laws

plural

boys’ school, girls’ school, sailors’ cap, brothers’ garden.

by adding 

(’s)

Compound noun

brother-in-law’s home, Inspector-general’s office, Rahim and Karim’s flat, Sami and Rahi’s mother.

by adding 

(’s)

 

Rahim’s hen or The hen of Rahim. Rabbi’s goat or the goat of rabbi.

using of  before subject

material noun

The legs of chair are broken.

by adding (’s)

denoting time, space   or weight.

Three days’ leave, A yard’s length, A ton’s wait. In a year’s time, A week’s holiday, Five minutes’ walk, A pound’s weight

 

Some common phrases

At his fingers’ ends, For mercy’s sake, To his heart’s content, A boat’s crew, At his wit’s end,  a day’s work, a month’s pay, today’s newspaper, in a year’s time

Possessive case:

অধিকার সম্বন্ধ বা কর্তৃত্ব সম্বন্ধ বোঝায়। এটি “কার” এই প্রশ্নের উত্তর দেয়

– This is Ram’s book. (কার বই– Ram এর)
– These are Shakespeare’s plays.(
কার নাটক – Shakespeare’s এর)

1. শেষে ‘s’ বিহীন singular/plural noun এর সাধারণত Apostrophe S (’s) যোগ করে Possessive করা হয়। যেমন– Shawkot’s book, kamal’s pen, mother’s glass, baby’s toy. The boy’s father, The girl’s mother,  women’s co-operative, children’s park, men’s dress, people’s republic.

2. শেষে ‘s’ যুক্ত singular/plural noun এর শেষে শুধু Apostrophe যোগ করে Possessive করা হয়। যেমন– jesus’ speech, brutass’ car, keats’ poem. For goodness’ sake, Moses’s laws boys’ school, girls’ school, sailors’ cap, brothers’ garden.

3. Compound nounএর শেষে Apostrophe  S (’s) যোগ করে Possessive করা হয়। যেমন– brother-in-law’s home, Inspector-general’s office, Rahim and Karim’s flat, Sami and Rahi’s mother.

4. And দ্বারা যুক্ত একাধিক  noun যৌথ  অধিকার প্রকাশ করলে শেষের noun টির সাথে (’s) যোগ করতে হয়। যেমন– Rahim and Karim’s flat, Sami and Rahi’s mother.

5.সাধারণত ব্যক্তির ক্ষেত্রে (’s) বসিয়ে বা  তার পূর্বে of বসিয়ে Possessive করা হয়। যেমন

6.অচেতন পদার্থের ক্ষেত্রে (’s) না বসিয়ে of বসিয়ে Possessive করতে হয়। যেমন
Incorrect – The Chair’s legs are broken.
Correct – The legs of chair are broken.

7. সময়দুরুত্ব  ওজন প্রকাশক noun  এর সাথে (s’) যোগ করে Possessive করতে হয়। যেমন – Three days’ leave, A yard’s length, A ton’s wait.